Editing Treblinka extermination camp (section)

==Archaeological studies==
[[File:Treblinka tile.jpg|thumb|One of the tiles found during the archaeological dig, providing the first physical evidence for the existence of the gas chambers at Treblinka]]
Neither the Jewish religious leaders in Poland nor the authorities allowed archaeological excavations at the camp out of respect for the dead. Approval for a limited archaeological study was issued for the first time in 2010 to a British team from [[Staffordshire University]] using non-invasive technology and [[Lidar]] remote sensing. The soil resistance was analysed at the site with [[ground-penetrating radar]].<ref name="INN-2014">{{cite web |url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/179065 |title=Archaeologists Find Treblinka Gas Chambers |publisher=Israel National News.com |date=30 March 2014 |access-date=31 March 2014 |last=Ronen |first=Gil |archive-date=7 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407060345/http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/179065 |url-status=live }}</ref> Features that appeared to be structural were found, two of which were thought to be the remains of the gas chambers, and the study was allowed to continue.<ref name="BBC-2012">{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-16657363 |title=Treblinka: Revealing the hidden graves of the Holocaust |publisher=BBC News Magazine |date=22 January 2012 |access-date=16 November 2013 |last=Sturdy Colls |first=Caroline |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120721104351/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-16657363 |archive-date=21 July 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The archaeological team performing the search discovered three new mass graves. The remains were reinterred out of respect for the victims. At the second dig the findings included yellow tiles stamped with a [[Star (heraldry)#Terminology|pierced mullet star]] resembling a [[Star of David]], and building foundations with a wall. The star was soon identified as the logo of Polish [[Opoczno S.A.|ceramics factory manufacturing floor tiles]], founded by Jan Dziewulski and brothers Józef and Władysław Lange (Dziewulski i Lange – D<big>✡</big>L since 1886), nationalised and renamed under communism after the war.<ref name="Oszczęda">{{cite web |url=http://opoczno.republika.pl/bajka.htm |trans-title=Jak to z opoczyńskimi "skarbami" było |publisher=Opoczno.Republika.pl |work=Source: B. & Wł. Baranowski, J. Koloński (1970), "Katalog zabytków budownictwa przemysłowego w Polsce", [[Polish Academy of Sciences|PAN]] |year=2008 |via=Internet Archive |first=Waldemar |last=Oszczęda |title=How it was with the Opoczno 'treasures' |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100403033029/http://opoczno.republika.pl/bajka.htm |archive-date=3 April 2010}}</ref><ref name="Budziński">{{cite web |url=http://www.opoczno-top.pl/artykul,Towarzystwo_Akcyjne_Dziewulski_i_Lange,1781.html |title=Towarzystwo Akcyjne Dziewulski i Lange |publisher=Tygodnik Opoczyński TOP nr 51 (650) weekly |work="Z rozwoju przemysłu ceramicznego. Dwie fabryki Tow. Akc. Dziewulski i Lange." Świat, nr 1/1908 |date=22 December 2009 |access-date=14 April 2014 |author=Paweł Budziński |archive-date=15 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140415060349/http://www.opoczno-top.pl/artykul,Towarzystwo_Akcyjne_Dziewulski_i_Lange,1781.html |url-status=live }}</ref> As explained by forensic archaeologist [[Caroline Sturdy Colls]], the new evidence was important because the second gas chambers built at Treblinka were housed in the only brick building in the camp; Colls claimed that this provides the first physical evidence for their existence. In his memoir describing his stay in the camp, survivor Jankiel Wiernik says that the floor in the gas chambers (which he helped build) was made of similar tiles.<ref name="NBC News-2014">{{cite web |url=http://www.nbcnews.com/science/science-news/archaeologists-delicately-dig-nazi-death-camp-secrets-treblinka-n66241 |title=Archaeologists Delicately Dig Up Nazi Death Camp Secrets at Treblinka |publisher=NBC |date=29 March 2014 |access-date=29 March 2014 |last=Boyle |first=Alan |archive-date=30 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330221406/http://www.nbcnews.com/science/science-news/archaeologists-delicately-dig-nazi-death-camp-secrets-treblinka-n66241 |url-status=live }}</ref> The discoveries became a subject of the 2014 documentary by the [[Smithsonian Channel]].<ref name="SCh-youtube">{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aVbmDfTv1nc |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/aVbmDfTv1nc |archive-date=2021-12-11 |url-status=live |title=Treblinka: Hitler's Killing Machine: Excavating a Secret Gas Chamber |publisher=Smithsonian Channel |date=25 March 2014 |medium=YouTube video, 4.52 minutes}}{{cbignore}}</ref> More forensic work has been planned.<ref name="Pappas2014">{{cite news |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/03/31/nazi-death-camp-treblinka-excavated-archaeologists_n_5062114.html |title=First Excavation Of Nazi Death Camp Treblinka Reveals New Horrors |work=The Huffington Post |date=31 March 2014 |access-date=31 March 2014 |last=Pappas |first=Stephanie |archive-date=31 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140331193835/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/03/31/nazi-death-camp-treblinka-excavated-archaeologists_n_5062114.html |url-status=live }}</ref>