Editing Treaty (section)

=== Canada ===
Colonization in Canada saw a number of treaties signed between European [[settler]]s and Indigenous [[First Nations in Canada|First Nations]] peoples. Historic Canadian treaties tend to fall into three broad categories: commercial, alliance, and territorial. Commercial treaties first emerged in the 17th century and were agreements made between the European [[Fur trade|fur trading]] companies and the local First Nations. The [[Hudson's Bay Company]], a British trading company located in what is now Northern [[Ontario]], signed numerous commercial treaties during this period. Alliance treaties, commonly referred to as "treaties of peace, friendship and alliance" emerged in the late 17th to early 18th century.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Miller|first=James Rodger|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9v3HZDKUlG4C&q=history+of+treaties+in+Canada&pg=PR12|title=Compact, Contract, Covenant: Aboriginal Treaty-making in Canada|date=1 January 2009|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-0-8020-9741-5|location=|page=4|language=en|access-date=9 February 2021|archive-date=23 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923131622/https://books.google.com/books?id=9v3HZDKUlG4C&q=history+of+treaties+in+Canada&pg=PR12|url-status=live}}</ref> Finally, territorial treaties dictating land rights were signed between 1760 and 1923.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Miller|first=James Rodger|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9v3HZDKUlG4C&q=history+of+treaties+in+Canada&pg=PR12|title=Compact, Contract, Covenant: Aboriginal Treaty-making in Canada|date=1 January 2009|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-0-8020-9741-5|location=|pages=4–5|language=en|access-date=9 February 2021|archive-date=23 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923131622/https://books.google.com/books?id=9v3HZDKUlG4C&q=history+of+treaties+in+Canada&pg=PR12|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Royal Proclamation of 1763]] accelerated the treaty-making process and provided the Crown with access to large amounts of land occupied by the First Nations.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|publisher=Government of Canada; Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada; Communications Branch|date=3 November 2008|title=Treaties and agreements|url=https://www.rcaanc-cirnac.gc.ca/eng/1100100028574/1529354437231|access-date=5 February 2021|website=www.rcaanc-cirnac.gc.ca|archive-date=28 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110828165101/http://www.ainc-inac.gc.ca/al/hts/index-eng.asp|url-status=live}}</ref> The Crown and 364 First Nations signed 70 treaties that are recognized by the [[Government of Canada]] and represent over 600,000 First Nation individuals.<ref name=":1" /> The treaties are as follows:

* Treaties of Peace and Neutrality (1701–1760)<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.rcaanc-cirnac.gc.ca/eng/1360866174787/1544619566736|title=Treaties of Peace and Neutrality (1701-1760)|publisher=Government of Canada; Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada|date=14 February 2013|website=www.rcaanc-cirnac.gc.ca|access-date=7 June 2021|archive-date=8 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608034156/https://www.rcaanc-cirnac.gc.ca/eng/1360866174787/1544619566736|url-status=live}}</ref>
*   Peace and Friendship Treaties (1725–1779)<ref name="auto"/>
* Upper Canada Land Surrenders (including [[Toronto Purchase]](Treaty 13), [[Johnson-Butler Purchase]] (Gunshot Treaty)) and the [[Williams Treaties]] (1764–1862/1923)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rcaanc-cirnac.gc.ca/eng/1360941656761/1544619778887|title=Upper Canada Land Surrenders and the Williams Treaties (1764-1862/1923)|publisher=Government of Canada; Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada|date=15 February 2013|website=www.rcaanc-cirnac.gc.ca|access-date=7 June 2021|archive-date=8 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608034154/https://www.rcaanc-cirnac.gc.ca/eng/1360941656761/1544619778887|url-status=live}}</ref>
*  Robinson Treaties and Douglas Treaties (1850–1854)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rcaanc-cirnac.gc.ca/eng/1360945974712/1544619909155|title=Robinson Treaties and Douglas Treaties (1850-1854)|publisher=Government of Canada; Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada|date=15 February 2013|website=www.rcaanc-cirnac.gc.ca|access-date=7 June 2021|archive-date=15 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515223455/https://www.rcaanc-cirnac.gc.ca/eng/1360945974712/1544619909155|url-status=live}}</ref>
* The [[Numbered Treaties]] (1871–1921)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rcaanc-cirnac.gc.ca/eng/1360948213124/1544620003549|title=The Numbered Treaties (1871-1921)|publisher=Government of Canada; Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada|date=15 February 2013|website=www.rcaanc-cirnac.gc.ca|access-date=7 June 2021|archive-date=15 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615142023/https://www.rcaanc-cirnac.gc.ca/eng/1360948213124/1544620003549|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

==== Treaty perceptions ====
There is evidence that "although both Indigenous and European Nations engaged in treaty-making before contact with each other, the traditions, beliefs, and worldviews that defined concepts such as "treaties" were extremely different".<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Simpson|first=Leanne|date=2008|title=Looking after Gdoo-naaganinaa: Precolonial Nishnaabeg Diplomatic and Treaty Relationships|journal=Wíčazo Ša Review|volume=23|issue=2|page=31|doi=10.1353/wic.0.0001|s2cid=159947259|issn=1533-7901}}</ref> The Indigenous understanding of treaties is based on traditional culture and values. Maintaining healthy and equitable relationships with other nations, as well as the environment, is paramount.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Simpson|first=Leanne|date=2008|title=Looking after Gdoo-naaganinaa: Precolonial Nishnaabeg Diplomatic and Treaty Relationships|journal=Wíčazo Ša Review|volume=23|issue=2|pages=29–42|doi=10.1353/wic.0.0001|s2cid=159947259|issn=1533-7901}}</ref> Gdoo-naaganinaa, a historic treaty between the [[Anishinaabe|Nishnaabeg]] nation and the [[Iroquois|Haudenosaunee Confederacy]] is an example of how First Nations approach treaties. Under Gdoo-naaganinaa, also referred-to in English as [[Dish With One Spoon|''Our Dish'']], the neighbouring nations acknowledged that while they were separate nations they shared the same ecosystem or ''Dish''. It was agreed that the nations would respectably share the land, not interfering with the other nation's [[sovereignty]] while also not monopolizing environmental resources. First Nations agreements, such as the Gdoo-naaganigaa, are considered "living treaties" that must be upheld continually and renewed over time.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Simpson|first=Leanne|date=2008|title=Looking after Gdoo-naaganinaa: Precolonial Nishnaabeg Diplomatic and Treaty Relationships|journal=Wíčazo Ša Review|volume=23|issue=2|pages=36–38|doi=10.1353/wic.0.0001|s2cid=159947259|issn=1533-7901}}</ref> European settlers in Canada had a different perception of treaties. Treaties were not a living, equitable agreement but rather a legal contract over which the future creation of Canadian law would later rely on. As time passed, the settlers did not think it necessary to abide by all treaty agreements. A review of historic treaties reveals that the European settler understanding is the dominant view portrayed in Canadian treaties.<ref name=":2" />

==== Treaties today ====
Canada today recognizes 25 additional treaties called Modern Treaties. These treaties represent the relationships between 97 Indigenous groups which includes over 89,000 people.<ref name=":1" /> The treaties have been instrumental in strengthening Indigenous stronghold in Canada by providing the following (as organized by the Government of Canada) :

* Indigenous ownership over 600,000 km² of land (almost the size of [[Manitoba]])
* capital transfers of over $3.2&nbsp;billion
* protection of traditional ways of life
* access to resource development opportunities
* participation in land and resources management decisions
* certainty with respect to land rights in round 40% of Canada's land mass
* associated self-government rights and political recognition<ref name=":1" />