Editing Transphobia (section)

===Health===
During the year prior to the 2015 U.S. survey, 59% of respondents reported avoiding using a public restroom out of fear of violence or harassment. 32% limited the amount they ate or drank in order to avoid using a public restroom. 8% reported suffering a urinary tract infection, kidney infection, or other kidney problem as a result of avoiding public restrooms.<ref name="usts"/>

33% reported having negative experiences with a healthcare professional related to being transgender, such as verbal harassment or denial of treatment. 23% reported that they did not seek treatment for a condition out of fear of being mistreated, while 33% did not seek treatment because they were unable to afford it.<ref name="usts"/>

During the month prior to the survey, 39% of American transgender people experienced major psychological distress, compared to 5% of the general population of the United States. 40% had attempted suicide at some point in their life, compared to 4.6 percent of the American population. Family and community support were correlated with far lower rates of suicide attempts and of major psychological distress.<ref name="usts"/>

A study conducted on transgender women of color in San Francisco has shown a higher correlation between transphobia and risk of transgender women engaging in HIV risk behavior. The study shows that the transgender youth face social discrimination, and they may not have a social role model. The young adults in this group have shown a higher risk of engaging in unprotected receptive anal intercourse when the exposure to transphobia is high. Therefore, as per the study shows a correlation between transphobia and high risk of HIV.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sugano|first1=Eiko|last2=Nemoto|first2=Tooru|last3=Operario|first3=Don|date=2006|title=The Impact of Exposure to Transphobia on HIV Risk Behavior in a Sample of Transgendered Women of Color in San Francisco|journal=AIDS and Behavior|volume=10|issue = 2|pages=217–225|doi=10.1007/s10461-005-9040-z|pmid=16362237|citeseerx=10.1.1.554.5857|s2cid=6642842}}</ref>

====Mental health====
People who are transgender are more likely to experience some type of psychological distress because of the harassment and discrimination that comes with transphobia. Student Affairs Administrators in Higher Education conducted a nationwide survey on college campuses examining the psychological effects on transgender people, with a sample size of 86. Out of these 86 participants, 54% stated they have attended psychological counseling before and 10% had been hospitalized for reasons related to mental health. The final results of the study show that over twice as many participants who considered themselves transgender (43%) had engaged in self-injurious behavior, versus those who considered themselves male or female (16%).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hayes|first=J.|title=The Center for Collegiate Mental Health: Practice and research working together |journal=Journal of College Counseling|pages=101–104}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Effrig|first1=Jessica C.|last2=Bieschke|first2=Kathleen J.|last3=Locke|first3=Benjamin D.|date=1 September 2011|title=Examining Victimization and Psychological Distress in Transgender College Students|journal=Journal of College Counseling|volume=14|issue=2|pages=143–157|doi=10.1002/j.2161-1882.2011.tb00269.x|issn=2161-1882}}</ref>

According to Virupaksha, Muralidhar, and Ramakrishna, suicide attempts among transgender people globally range from 32% to 50%. In India, 31% to 50% of transgender people have tried to commit [[suicide]] before age 20. 50% of transgender people in Australia and 45% of those in England have attempted suicide at least once.<ref name="Suicide">{{Cite journal|last1=Virupaksha|first1=H. G.|last2=Muralidhar|first2=Daliboyina|last3=Ramakrishna|first3=Jayashree|date=2016|title=Suicide and Suicidal Behavior among Transgender Persons|journal=Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine|volume=38|issue=6|pages=505–509|doi=10.4103/0253-7176.194908|issn=0253-7176|pmc=5178031|pmid=28031583 |doi-access=free }}</ref> In the United States, suicide attempts reported by transgender and gender nonconforming adults exceed the rate of the general population: 41% versus 4.6 percent.<ref>{{cite tech report |first=Ann H. |last=Haas |author2=Philip Rodgers |title=Suicide Attempts Among Transgender and Gender Non-Conforming Adults |institution=American Foundation for Suicide Prevention and Williams Institute, UCLA School of Law |year=2014 | url = http://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/AFSP-Williams-Suicide-Report-Final.pdf}}</ref> In San Francisco alone, the suicide attempt rate among transgender people is 32% overall, and for those under age 25 it is 50%.<ref name="Suicide"/>

According to the study ''Transphobia Among Transgenders of Color'' by the [[University of California, San Francisco]], transphobia affects the psychological vulnerability of transgender people of color as compared to those of other ethnicities. Acts of transphobia such as undue denial of services, unfair dismissal from work places or stigmatization have far-reaching effects on the subjects such as low self-esteem, under-performance, stress, withdrawal or even depression. When it comes to the minorities, who are already proven to be undergoing various forms of discrimination, the consequences are even more exaggerated. Transgender people of color are more significantly associated with depression than their white counterparts.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://prevention.ucsf.edu/uploads/pubs/presentations/pdf/APHA_Nemoto.pdf|title=Transphobia Among Transgenders of Color|work=Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, University of California, San Francisco|date=November 2004|access-date=15 November 2017|archive-date=16 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116021212/https://prevention.ucsf.edu/uploads/pubs/presentations/pdf/APHA_Nemoto.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Information regarding the effects of transphobia with respect to minority identities has not been well documented. In a 2018 review of mental health research regarding transgender individuals, only 4 out of 77 studies that were reviewed examined the intersectionality of transgender and racial identities. There were other studies that included disproportionately high amounts of transgender individuals who are in multiple minority groups, but the authors note that it is difficult to tell if these studies generalize to the transgender/ gender nonconforming community as a whole due to lack of extensive study.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Valentine|first1=Sarah E|last2=Shipherd|first2=Jillian C|date=March 2018|title=A systematic review of social stress and mental health among transgender and gender non-conforming people in the United States|url=|journal=Clinical Psychology Review|volume=66 December 2018|pages=24–38|doi=10.1016/j.cpr.2018.03.003|pmid=29627104|pmc=6663089}}</ref>

To help transgender people work through traumatic experiences, minority stress, and internalized transphobia, mental health practitioners have begun integrating the gender-affirmative model into [[cognitive behavioral therapy]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Austin|first1=Ashley|last2=Craig|first2=Shelley L.|date=2015|title=Transgender Affirmative Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: Clinical Considerations and Applications |journal=Professional Psychology: Research and Practice|volume=46|issue=1|pages=21–29|doi=10.1037/a0038642 }}</ref> [[person-centered therapy]],<ref>{{Cite book|title=Person-Centered Counselling for Trans and Gender Diverse People |last=Hope|first=Sam|date=2020|publisher=Jessica Kingsley Publishers|isbn=978-1785925429|location=London}}</ref> and [[acceptance and commitment therapy]].<ref name="Stitt"/>

====Pregnancy issues====

Many transgender people transition without undergoing surgery to remove reproductive organs or to reconstruct genitals, thus transition does not necessarily remove the ability or the desire to reproduce. While the same-sex issues surrounding the birth and parenting of children have gained a degree of acceptance, trans practices of parenting have received much less attention and acceptance.<ref>{{cite web |title=Trans Pregnancy |url=https://transpregnancy.leeds.ac.uk/about/ |website=University of Leeds |access-date=5 November 2022 |archive-date=1 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101140701/https://transpregnancy.leeds.ac.uk/about/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2007 a transgender man, [[Thomas Beatie]], became pregnant because his wife was infertile. His pregnancy drew world-wide attention. He commented:

<blockquote>Doctors have discriminated against us, turning us away due to their religious beliefs. Health care professionals have refused to call me by a male pronoun or recognize Nancy as my wife. Receptionists have laughed at us. Friends and family have been unsupportive; most of Nancy's family doesn't even know I'm transgender.<ref>{{cite web |title='Pregnant Man' Thomas Beatie Splits From Wife Nancy: Why The Break-Up After 9 Years [PHOTOS] |url=https://www.ibtimes.com/pregnant-man-thomas-beatie-splits-wife-nancy-why-break-after-9-years-photos-555171 |date=2012-04-21 |website=International Business Times |access-date=November 5, 2022}}</ref></blockquote>