Editing Surface tension (section)

===Surface tension of seawater===

Nayar et al.<ref name=Nayar>{{cite journal|doi= 10.1063/1.4899037|journal= J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data|title= Surface tension of seawater|date= November 2014|volume= 43|issue= 4|page= 43103|bibcode= 2014JPCRD..43d3103N|last1= Nayar|first1= K. G|last2= Panchanathan|first2= D|last3= McKinley|first3= G. H|last4= Lienhard|first4= J. H|url= http://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/1721.1/96884/1/Surface_Tension_of_Seawater.pdf|hdl= 1721.1/96884|hdl-access= free|access-date= 2018-04-20|archive-date= 2022-09-22|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220922033641/http://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/96884/Surface_Tension_of_Seawater.pdf;jsessionid=68E9601570E59C9B5BA69E912FF21A4A?sequence=1|url-status= live}}</ref> published reference data for the surface tension of seawater over the salinity range of {{nowrap|20 ≤ {{mvar|S}} ≤ 131 g/kg}} and a temperature range of {{nowrap|1 ≤ {{mvar|t}} ≤ 92 °C}} at atmospheric pressure. The range of temperature and salinity encompasses both the oceanographic range and the range of conditions encountered in thermal [[desalination]] technologies. The uncertainty of the measurements varied from 0.18 to 0.37&nbsp;mN/m with the average uncertainty being 0.22&nbsp;mN/m.

Nayar et al. correlated the data with the following equation
<math display="block"> \gamma_\mathrm{sw} = \gamma_\mathrm{w} \left( 1+ 3.766\times 10^{-4} S +2.347\times 10^{-6} S t\right)</math>
where {{math|''γ''<sub>sw</sub>}} is the surface tension of seawater in mN/m, {{math|''γ''<sub>w</sub>}} is the surface tension of water in mN/m, {{mvar|S}} is the reference salinity<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Deep-Sea Research Part I|volume=55|issue=1| date=January 2008|page=50|title=The composition of Standard Seawater and the definition of the Reference-Composition Salinity Scale|bibcode=2008DSRI...55...50M|doi=10.1016/j.dsr.2007.10.001|last1=Millero|first1=Frank J| last2=Feistel|first2=Rainer| last3=Wright|first3=Daniel G|last4=McDougall|first4=Trevor J}}</ref> in g/kg, and {{mvar|t}} is temperature in degrees Celsius. The average absolute percentage deviation between measurements and the correlation was 0.19% while the maximum deviation is 0.60%.

The International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam (IAPWS) has adopted this correlation as an international standard guideline.<ref>{{cite tech report |url=http://www.iapws.org/relguide/Seawater-Surf.pdf |title=Guideline on the Surface Tension of Seawater |number=IAPWS G14-19 |institution=International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam |date=October 2019 |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |access-date=2020-03-26 |archive-date=2020-03-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326232003/http://www.iapws.org/relguide/Seawater-Surf.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>