Editing Sudan (section)

=== Foreign relations ===
{{Main|Foreign relations of Sudan}}
[[File:Al bashir1.jpg|upright=1.35|thumb|Bashir (right) and U.S. Deputy Secretary of State [[Robert Zoellick]], 2005]]
Sudan has had a troubled relationship with many of its neighbours and much of the international community, owing to what is viewed as its radical Islamic stance. For much of the 1990s, [[Uganda]], [[Kenya]] and [[Ethiopia]] formed an ad hoc alliance called the "Front Line States" with support from the United States to check the influence of the [[National Islamic Front]] government. The Sudanese Government supported anti-Ugandan rebel groups such as the [[Lord's Resistance Army]] (LRA).<ref>"[https://www.cbsnews.com/news/the-worlds-enduring-dictators/ The world's enduring dictators] ". CBS News. 16 May 2011.</ref>

As the National Islamic Front regime in Khartoum gradually emerged as a real threat to the region and the world, the U.S. began to list Sudan on its list of [[State Sponsors of Terrorism]]. After the US listed Sudan as a state sponsor of terrorism, the [[National Islamic Front|NIF]] decided to develop relations with [[Iraq]], and later [[Iran]], the two most controversial countries in the region.

From the mid-1990s, Sudan gradually began to moderate its positions as a result of increased U.S. pressure following the [[1998 United States embassy bombings|1998 U.S. embassy bombings]], in [[Tanzania]] and [[Kenya]], and the new development of oil fields previously in rebel hands. Sudan also has a territorial dispute with Egypt over the [[Hala'ib Triangle]]. Since 2003, the foreign relations of Sudan had centred on the support for ending the [[Second Sudanese Civil War]] and condemnation of government support for militias in the [[war in Darfur]].

Sudan has extensive economic relations with China. China obtains ten percent of its oil from Sudan. According to a former Sudanese government minister, China is Sudan's largest supplier of arms.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A21143-2004Dec22.html |title=China Invests Heavily in Sudan's Oil Industry – Beijing Supplies Arms Used on Villagers |newspaper=The Washington Post |author=Goodman, Peter S. |date=23 December 2004 |access-date=31 May 2013}}</ref>

In December 2005, Sudan became one of the few states to recognise Moroccan sovereignty over [[Western Sahara]].<ref>{{cite news |archive-date=26 February 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060226210429/http://www.moroccotimes.com/paper/article.asp?idr=2&id=11765 |url=http://www.moroccotimes.com/paper/article.asp?idr=2&id=11765 |title=Sudan supports Moroccan sovereignty over Southern Provinces |newspaper=Morocco Times |location=Casablanca |date=26 December 2005}}</ref>
[[File:Secretary Pompeo Meets with Sudanese Sovereign Council Chair General Fattah el-Burhan (50267527813).jpg|thumb|The chairman of Sudan's sovereign council, General [[Abdel Fattah al-Burhan]], with U.S. Secretary of State [[Mike Pompeo]], 2020]]
In 2015, Sudan participated in the [[Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen]] against the [[Shia Islam|Shia]] [[Houthis]] and forces loyal to former President [[Ali Abdullah Saleh]],<ref>"[https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-03-26/yemeni-bombing-led-by-saudis-is-backed-by-u-s-logistics-spying U.S. Backs Saudi-Led Yemeni Bombing With Logistics, Spying]". [[Bloomberg News|Bloomberg]]. 26 March 2015.</ref> who was deposed in the 2011 uprising.<ref>"[https://edition.cnn.com/2015/03/26/middleeast/yemen-saudi-arabia-airstrikes/ Saudi-led coalition strikes rebels in Yemen, inflaming tensions in region]". [[CNN]]. 27 March 2015.</ref>

In June 2019, Sudan was suspended from the [[African Union]] over the lack of progress towards the establishment of a civilian-led transitional authority since its initial meeting following the coup d'état of 11 April 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sudan suspended from the African Union {{!}} African Union|url=https://au.int/en/articles/sudan-suspended-african-union|access-date=30 October 2021|website=au.int}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=African Union suspends Sudan over coup|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/10/27/african-union-suspends-sudan-over-coup|access-date=30 October 2021|website=www.aljazeera.com|language=en}}</ref>

In July 2019, UN ambassadors of 37 countries, including Sudan, have signed a joint letter to the [[UNHRC]] defending China's [[Xinjiang re-education camps|treatment of Uyghurs]] in the [[Xinjiang]] region.<ref>{{cite news |title=Which Countries Are For or Against China's Xinjiang Policies? |url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/07/which-countries-are-for-or-against-chinas-xinjiang-policies/ |work=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]] |date=15 July 2019}}</ref>

On 23 October 2020, U.S. President [[Donald Trump]] announced that Sudan will start to [[Israel–Sudan normalization agreement|normalize ties with Israel]], making it the third Arab state to do so as part of the U.S.-brokered [[Abraham Accords]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Trump Announces US-Brokered Israel-Sudan Normalization |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/middle-east_trump-announces-us-brokered-israel-sudan-normalization/6197531.html |work=Voice of America (VOA) |date=23 October 2020}}</ref> On 14 December the U.S. Government removed Sudan from its State Sponsor of Terrorism list; as part of the deal, Sudan agreed to pay $335&nbsp;million in compensation to victims of the 1998 embassy bombings.<ref>{{cite news |title=US removes Sudan from state sponsors of terrorism list |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/12/14/politics/sudan-state-sponsor-of-terrorism/index.html |access-date=16 December 2020 |work=CNN |date=14 December 2020}}</ref>

The dispute between Sudan and [[Ethiopia]] over the [[Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]] escalated in 2021.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sudan threatens legal action if Ethiopia dam filled without deal |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/4/23/sudan-threatens-legal-action-if-ethiopia-rejects-nile-dam-talks |work=Al-Jazeera |date=23 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Egypt, Sudan conclude war games amid Ethiopia's dam dispute |url=https://apnews.com/article/sudan-middle-east-egypt-africa-ethiopia-77eda64c925ca8a71e98634537b684e4 |work=Associated Press |date=31 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Egypt and Sudan urge Ethiopia to negotiate seriously over giant dam |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/egypt-sudan-urge-ethiopia-negotiate-seriously-over-giant-dam-2021-06-09/ |work=Reuters |date=9 June 2021}}</ref> An advisor to the Sudanese leader [[Abdel Fattah al-Burhan]] spoke of a [[water war]] "that would be more horrible than one could imagine".<ref>{{cite news |title=Gerd: Sudan talks tough with Ethiopia over River Nile dam |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-56799672 |work=BBC News |date=22 April 2021}}</ref>

In February 2022, it is reported that a Sudanese envoy has visited Israel to promote ties between the countries.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sudanese envoy in Israel to promote ties – source|url=https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-695948|access-date=9 February 2022|website=The Jerusalem Post {{!}} JPost.com|date=9 February 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref>

In the early months of 2023, fighting reignited, primarily between the military forces of Gen. Abdel Fattah al-Burhan, the army chief and de facto head of state, and the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces led by his rival, Gen. Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo. As a result, the U.S. and most European countries have shut down their embassies in Khartoum and have attempted evacuations. In 2023, it was estimated that there were 16,000 Americans in Sudan who needed to be evacuated. In absence of an official evacuation plan from the U.S. State Department, many Americans have been forced to turn to other nations' embassies for guidance, with many fleeing to Nairobi. Other African countries and humanitarian groups have tried to help. The Turkish embassy has reportedly allowed Americans to join its evacuation efforts for its own citizens. The TRAKboys, a South-Africa based political organization which came into conflict with the [[Wagner Group]], a Russian private military contractor operating in Sudan since 2017, has been assisting with the evacuation of both Black Americans and Sudanese citizens to safe locations in South Africa.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Americans and other foreigners struggle to flee Sudan amid fierce fighting |language=en-US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/04/26/sudan-fighting-evacuation-americans-british/ |access-date=3 May 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fDS8IQSdZ-E | title=Trakboys David Mbatha, Blose begin peaceful talks w/ Mayor Kaunda about Durban Port tariff increase | website=[[YouTube]] | date=25 July 2022 }}</ref>

On 15 April 2024, France hosted an international conference on Sudan, marking the one-year anniversary of the outbreak of war in the northeast African nation, which has resulted in a humanitarian and political crisis. The country called for support from the global community, aiming to draw attention to a crisis that officials believe has been overshadowed by ongoing conflicts in the Middle East.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 April 2024 |title=France hosts conference on aid to war-torn Sudan |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2024/04/15/france-hosts-conference-on-aid-to-war-torn-sudan_6668451_4.html |access-date=16 April 2024 |work=Le Monde.fr |language=en}}</ref>

On 14 February 2025, the UAE organized the "High-Level Humanitarian Conference for the People of Sudan" in [[Addis Ababa]]. The Sudanese government condemned the conference hosted by the [[United Nations Economic Commission for Africa]] (UNECA), and also criticized [[António Guterres]] and [[Moussa Faki]] for attending it. The government accused the UAE of using the $200 million aid for Sudan, which it announced at the meeting, to "improve its image" and cover its humanitarian crimes in Sudan by supporting the RSF. Meanwhile, Guterres and Faki were also urged to support the Sudanese people by pressuring the UAE to end its involvement in the Sudan conflict.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sudan aid chief slams UN, AU officials for attending UAE-sponsored meeting |date=14 February 2025 |url=https://sudantribune.com/article297413/ |website=Sudan Tribune |access-date=2 March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Emirati-backed Sudan humanitarian conference draws criticism from Sudanese government |date=13 February 2025 |url=https://sudantribune.com/article297413/ |website=Sudan Tribune |access-date=2 March 2025}}</ref>