Editing Spider silk (section)

==== Research ====
* In March 2010, researchers from the [[Korea Advanced Institute of Science & Technology]] succeeded in making spider silk directly using ''E. coli'' modified with certain genes of the spider ''[[Nephila clavipes]]''. This approach eliminates the need to "milk" spiders.<ref>{{cite journal |bibcode=2010PNAS..10714059X |first1=Xiao-Xia |last1=Xia |first2=Zhi-Gang |last2=Qian |first3=Chang Seok |last3=Ki |first4=Young Hwan |last4=Park |first5=David L. |last5=Kaplan |first6=Sang Yup |last6=Lee |title=Native-sized recombinant spider silk protein produced in metabolically engineered ''Escherichia coli'' results in a strong fiber |jstor=25708855 |volume=107 |date=2010 |pages=14059–63 |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |doi=10.1073/pnas.1003366107 |issue=32 |pmid=20660779 |pmc=2922564|doi-access=free }}</ref>
* A 556 kDa spider silk protein was manufactured from 192 repeat motifs of the ''N. clavipes'' dragline spidroin, having similar mechanical characteristics as their natural counterparts, i.e., [[tensile strength]] (1.03 ± 0.11&nbsp;GPa), [[Elastic modulus|modulus]] (13.7 ± 3.0&nbsp;GPa), extensibility (18 ± 6%), and toughness (114 ± 51&nbsp;MJ/m3).<ref name="Bowen2018" />
* [[AMSilk]] developed [[spidroin]] using bacteria.<ref name="service" /><ref name="KIJK 2012-04-21">{{cite web|url=http://www.kijkmagazine.nl/artikel/spinnendraad/|title=Draadkracht: spindoctors maken supersterk nepweb|date=21 April 2012|publisher=KIJK|language=nl|trans-title=Wire strength: spin doctors make super strong fake cobweb|access-date=15 October 2014}}</ref>
* Bolt Threads produced a recombinant spidroin using yeast, for use in apparel fibers and personal care. They produced the first commercial apparel products made of recombinant spider silk, trademarked Microsilk, demonstrated in ties and beanies.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://boltthreads.com/technology/microsilk|title = Bolt Threads – Microsilk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://boltthreads.com/technology/silk-protein|title = Bolt Threads – B-silk protein}}</ref>
* [[Kraig Biocraft Laboratories]] used research from the Universities of [[University of Wyoming|Wyoming]] and [[University of Notre Dame|Notre Dame]] to create silkworms genetically altered to produce spider silk.<ref>{{cite press release |title=University of Notre Dame and Kraig Biocraft Laboratories Create Artificial Spider Silk Breakthrough |url=http://www.kraiglabs.com/Spider-silk-created-9-29-2010.htm |publisher=[[Kraig Biocraft Laboratories]] |date=29 September 2010 |access-date=3 January 2012 |archive-date=25 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525013634/http://www.kraiglabs.com/Spider-silk-created-9-29-2010.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |title=Fraser Research Publicly Announced at Press Conference |url=http://science.nd.edu/research/profiles/fraser_silkworms.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101010183518/http://science.nd.edu/research/profiles/fraser_silkworms.htm |archive-date=10 October 2010 |publisher=[[University of Notre Dame]] |date=1 October 2010 |access-date=3 January 2012}}</ref>
* Defunct Canadian [[biotechnology]] company Nexia produced spider silk protein in [[transgenic]] [[goat]]s; the milk produced by the goats contained significant quantities of the protein, 1–2&nbsp;grams of silk proteins per litre of milk. Attempts to spin the protein into a fibre similar to natural spider silk resulted in fibres with tenacities of 2–3&nbsp;grams per [[Denier (measure)|denier]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kluge |first1=Jonathan A. |last2=Rabotyagova |first2=Olena |last3=Leisk |first3=Gary G. |last4=Kaplan |first4=David L. |date=May 2008 |title=Spider silks and their applications |journal=[[Trends (journals)|Trends in Biotechnology]] |volume=26 |issue=5 |pages=244–51 |doi=10.1016/j.tibtech.2008.02.006 |pmid=18367277 }}</ref> Nexia used wet spinning and squeezed the silk protein solution through small extrusion holes to simulate the spinneret, but this was not sufficient to replicate native spider silk properties.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Scheibel |first1=Thomas |date=November 2004 |title=Spider silks: recombinant synthesis, assembly, spinning, and engineering of synthetic proteins |journal=Microbial Cell Factories |volume=3 |page=14 |doi=10.1186/1475-2859-3-14 |pmid=15546497 |pmc=534800 |issue=1 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* Spiber produced a synthetic spider silk (Q/QMONOS). In partnership with Goldwin, a ski parka made from this was in testing in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goldwin-sports.com/us/feature/goldwinskijacket/|title = Goldwin x Spiber Ski Jacket}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://qz.com/708298/synthetic-spider-silk-could-be-the-biggest-technological-advance-in-clothing-since-nylon/|title=Synthetic spider silk could be the biggest technological advance in clothing since nylon|first=Marc|last=Bain|website=Quartz |date=July 3, 2016}}</ref>
* Researchers from Japan's RIKEN Center constructed an artificial gland that reproduced spider silk's molecular structure. Precise microfluidic mechanisms directed proteins to self-assemble into functional fibers. The process used negative pressure to pull (rather than push) a spidroin solution through the device. The resulting fibers matched the hierarchical structure of natural fiber.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thompson |first=Bronwyn |date=January 22, 2024 |title=Artificial spider gland spins scalable spider silk just like nature |url=https://newatlas.com/materials/artificial-gland-spins-spider-silk-rapidly-repeatedly/ |access-date=2024-02-08 |website=New Atlas |language=en-US}}</ref>