Editing Shenyang (section)

==Transportation==
As the [[transport hub]] of Northeast China, Shenyang is served by air, rail, a currently Five-line subway system and an extensive network of streets and expressways, with bus services throughout the city.<ref>{{cite news |script-title=zh:11月19日早晨6时 沈阳主干道全部"打通" |script-work=zh:《沈阳日报》 |date=2013-11-20}}</ref> Terminal 3 at [[Shenyang Taoxian International Airport]] is the largest terminal in northeast China.<ref name="东北地区最大航站楼启用(组图)">{{cite news |author=潘昱龙 |script-title=zh:东北地区最大航站楼启用(组图) |url=http://roll.sohu.com/20130815/n384265773.shtml |website=Sohu |date=2013-08-15 |access-date=2014-06-27}}</ref> A new tram network system was built in the city's south in 2013.

===Rail===
[[File:CRH5-001A_Beijing_20090728.jpg|thumb|The [[China Railways CRH5|CRH5-001A]] [[electric multiple unit|EMU]] serving the [[Beijing–Shenyang high-speed railway]]]]
Shenyang is the [[railway hub]] of [[Northeast China]]. Eight railways connect Shenyang with [[Beijing]], [[Dalian]], [[Changchun]], [[Harbin]] and [[Fushun]]. The city is also served by the [[Qinhuangdao–Shenyang high-speed railway]], the main passenger transport corridor in and out across the [[Shanhai Pass]], and the first passenger-specific railway line in China. In early 2007, a {{convert|200|km/h|abbr=on}} high-speed train decreased travel time between [[Beijing]] and Shenyang by almost three-fold to around 4 hours. The [[Harbin–Dalian high-speed railway]] opened in late 2012 and connects Shenyang with other major cities in Northeast China such as [[Harbin]], [[Changchun]] and [[Dalian]] at speeds of up to {{convert|300|km/h|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Harbin-Dalian High-speed railway starts summer schedule |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/photo/2013-04/21/c_132327435.htm |publisher=Xinhua |access-date=9 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131001214413/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/photo/2013-04/21/c_132327435.htm |archive-date=1 October 2013}}</ref>

Shenyang has two major railway stations: the [[Shenyang North railway station]] in [[Shenhe District]], and the [[Shenyang railway station]] in [[Heping District, Shenyang|Heping District]].<ref>中国铁道出版社地图制作中心 编. 中华人民共和国铁路地图集. 2008. {{ISBN|978-7-113-05554-7}}</ref>[[File:Liaoning Station before 1949.jpeg|thumb|The old Liaoning General Station]]
[[File:Shenyangbei Railway Station.jpg|thumb|Shenyangbei Railway Station in 2024]]
The '''Shenyang North Railway Station''' ({{lang-zh|s=沈阳北站|p=Shěnyáng Běi Zhàn}}) was formerly the '''Liaoning General Station''' ({{lang-zh|t=遼寧總站|p=Liáoníng Zǒngzhàn|labels=no}}) before 1946, and colloquially known as the "Old North Station". The original station building (now an [[Major Historical and Cultural Site Protected at the National Level|MHCSPNL]]-listed heritage building), initially named the '''Fengtian City Station''' ({{lang-zh|t=奉天城站|p=Fèngtīan Chéng Zhàn|labels=no}}) at the time of completion, was built in 1927 at the terminal point of [[Beijing–Harbin Railway|Jingfeng Railway]], about {{convert|1|km|mi|abbr=on}} southwest of the current station site, on the orders of warlord [[Zhang Zuolin]] to compete with the then Japanese-administered Shenyang Railway Station. The Main Station Building ({{lang-zh|c=主站房|labels=no}}) of the current "New North Station" began construction in 1986 and was commissioned for operation in December 1990, and became one of the five most important railway hubs in China, earning itself the nickname "'''Northeast's No. 1 Station'''" ({{lang-zh|s=东北第一站|labels=no}}).<ref name="hscb">{{cite news |author=李淑娟 |script-title=zh:沈阳北站被称为"东北第一站" |url=http://news.liao1.com/epaper/hscb/html/2009-09/26/content_129031.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212043350/http://news.liao1.com/epaper/hscb/html/2009-09/26/content_129031.htm |archive-date=2013-12-12 |script-work=zh:《华商晨报》 |location=Shenyang, Liaoning |date=2009-09-26 |access-date=2013-06-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |script-title=zh:沈阳北站: "京哈铁路"动脉上的心脏 |url=http://news.liao1.com/newspage/2009/08/4319472.html |script-work=zh:《沈阳日报》 |date=2009-08-23 |access-date=2013-11-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203112158/http://news.liao1.com/newspage/2009/08/4319472.html |archive-date=2013-12-03}}</ref> In 2011, a huge expansion project known as the "North Station Transport Hub Reconstruction Project" ({{lang-zh|s=北站交通枢纽改造工程|labels=no}}) was initiated in response to the growing demand of floor area posed by the increasing passenger traffic after introduction of the [[High-speed rail in China|high-speed rail]] service. The station now has an additional 3-storey "Sub-Station Building" ({{lang-zh|s=子站房|labels=no}}) and a "North Square" ({{lang-zh|s=北广场|labels=no}}) on the northern (Huanggu District) side of the railways, while the old waiting lounge in the original 16-storey Main Station Building is now relocated to a large elevated concourse that bridges over the rail tracks, with a pillar-less roof (the largest in mainland China) doming the platforms. The original South Square ({{lang-zh|s=南广场|labels=no}}) outside the Main Station Building was rebuilt into a multi-levelled complex, with two above ground forming an elevated airport-style drop-off zone and a large ground-level area for bus stops, as well as a three-level underground city providing shopping malls, parking lots, taxi pick-up and interchange with [[Line 2, Shenyang Metro|Subway Line 2]], while also capable of rapid conversion into an [[air raid shelter]] if needed.

[[File:Shenyang Railway Station.jpg|thumb|Shenyang Railway Station]]
The '''Shenyang Railway Station''' ({{lang-zh|s=沈阳站|p=Shěnyáng Zhàn}}) has a history of more than 100 years. It was built by the Russians in 1899 on the eastern side of the [[South Manchurian Railway]] and was named the '''Fengtian Station''' ({{lang-zh|t=奉天站|p=Fèngtiān Zhàn}}) at the time. It was later expanded by the Japanese after the [[Russo-Japanese War]] and renamed to '''Fengtian [[Yam (route)|Yam]]''' ({{lang-zh|t=奉天驛|p=Fèngtiān Yì}}) until the end of the [[World War II]]. Before adopting its current name, the station was known as the '''Shenyang South Railway Station''' ({{lang-zh|t=瀋陽南站|p=Shěnyáng Nán Zhàn}}) or simply the "South Station" (in contrast to the forementioned "North Station") between 1945 and 1950, a name the locals still use colloquially to present days (though the current [[Shenyang South railway station]] is actually at the suburban junction between [[Hunnan]] and [[Sujiatun]]). Today, the station focuses on regular-speed passenger service and is being refurbished with a large archway and new terminal, reducing access to the boarding platforms by rerouting customers under and over ground while construction is completed. The station was expanded in 2010 with the addition of a new West Station Building ({{lang-zh|s=西站房|labels=no}}) and a West Square ({{lang-zh|s=西广场|labels=no}}) on the western side of the railways.<ref name="沈阳站西">{{cite news |author=李莉 |script-title=zh:沈阳站西出口明年底建成 西广场建设规划已敲定 |url=http://liaoning.nen.com.cn/liaoning/223/3678223.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212193719/http://liaoning.nen.com.cn/liaoning/223/3678223.shtml |archive-date=2013-12-12 |script-work=zh:《沈阳日报》 |publisher=沈阳日报传媒集团 |date=2010-12-21 |access-date=2013-08-02}}</ref> The old East Station Building ({{lang-zh|s=东站房|labels=no}}) is currently on the provincial protected heritage list.

Since 2011, a daily direct [[rail freight transport|container rail service]] has carried automotive parts {{convert|11000|km|mi|abbr=on}} from [[Leipzig, Germany]] to Shenyang through [[Siberia]] with a 23-day transit time.<ref name="siberia">[http://www.railwaygazette.com/nc/news/single-view/view/db-schenker-to-launch-daily-freight-train-to-china.html DB Schenker to launch daily freight train to China] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120621041859/http://www.railwaygazette.com/nc/news/single-view/view/db-schenker-to-launch-daily-freight-train-to-china.html |date=June 21, 2012 }} ''[[Railway Gazette International]]'', 30 September 2011. Accessed: 4 October 2011.</ref>

===Road===
[[File:ShenyangDistrictAndLandmark.jpg|thumb|Shenyang's districts, landmarks and major roads]]
In the [[Manchukuo]] era, the initial road transportation network was laid out, as is now in the central districts of Shenyang.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}} The city follows a largely [[grid plan|grid]]-style urban layout, with the roads follow a slightly tilted northwest-to-southeast orientation due to the [[South Manchurian Railway]], which runs perpendicular to that direction. The streets in Shenyang are almost always named according to a routine convention — one that runs more in the north–south direction is called a "street" ({{lang-zh|s=街|p=Jīe|labels=no}}) or "avenue" ({{lang-zh|s=大街|p=Dà Jīe|l=big street|labels=no}}), and one that runs more east–west are call a "road" ({{lang-zh|s=路|p=Lù|labels=no}}) or "boulevard" ({{lang-zh|s=大道|p=Dà Dào|l=big path|labels=no}}). The only exceptions to this rule are the east–west Middle Street in [[Shenhe District]], which takes its historical name from ancient times (though its modern official name is actually the "[[Zhongjie|Middle Street Road]]"); and the north–south Minzhu Road ({{lang-zh|s=民主路|labels=no}}) in [[Heping District, Shenyang|Heping District]] that traverses diagonally across the [[City block#Superblock|superblock]] between the [[Shenyang Railway Station]] and the Zhongshan Park, but as one of the only three diagonal streets in the entire city it is accommodated as a "road" instead of "street" in keeping with the other two diagonal counterparts that run east–west.

In addition to the grid streets, Shenyang also was developing several [[ring road]] systems, going back as early as the "Fengtian City Plan" ({{lang-zh|t=奉天都邑計劃|labels=no}}) proposed by the Japanese-controlled [[puppet state|puppet]] [[Manchukuo]] government in 1932.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}} Outside of the (now demolished) city walls, the city initially planned three [[beltway]]s, namely the "inner ring", "middle ring" and "outer ring" roads. Gradually with urban development, the inner ring idea faded away into the inner city grids, but the middle ring concept was retained and later transformed into the nowadays '''1st Ring Road''' ({{lang-zh|s=一环路|labels=no}}, officially called the "Middle Ring Road" until 1995), and the outer ring morphed roughly into parts of the present day '''2nd Ring Road''' ({{lang-zh|s=二环路|labels=no}}). The '''3rd Ring Road''' ({{lang-zh|s=三环路|labels=no}}) was completed in 1995, and in 2013 was upgraded into an 8-lane, {{convert|82|km|mi|abbr=on}} freeway—the G15<sub>01</sub> [[G1501 Shenyang Ring Expressway|Shenyang Ring Expressway]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|沈阳绕城高速公路}}). The 10-lane, {{convert|132|km|mi|abbr=on}} '''4th Ring Road''' ({{lang-zh|s=四环路|labels=no}}) is a [[limited-access highway]] about {{convert|8|km|mi|abbr=on}} out from the 3rd Ring, completed in 2013. The planned 6-lane, {{convert|198|km|mi|abbr=on}} '''5th Ring Road''' ({{lang-zh|s=五环路|labels=no}}) and the proposed {{convert|399|km|mi|abbr=on}} '''6th Ring Road''' ({{lang-zh|s=六环路|labels=no}}), also known as the [[G91 Liaozhong Ring Expressway]] ({{lang-zh|s=辽中环线高速公路|labels=no}}), are both currently under construction.

[[File:Jingshen Expwy Jul2004.jpg|thumb|G1 Beijing-Harbin Expressway, Shenyang segment]]
Shenyang is connected to the other regions by several major expressways in radial pattern. The [[Shenyang–Dalian Expressway|G15 Shenda Expressway]] ({{lang-zh|s=沈大高速公路|labels=no}}) to the southwest is the first expressway built in China and is an 8-lane, {{convert|348.5|km|mi|abbr=on}} [[controlled-access highway]] with a maximum speed limit of {{convert|120|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}, connecting Shenyang to [[Dalian]], one of the largest port city in China. The {{convert|222|km|mi|abbr=on}} [[Shendan Expressway]] ({{lang-zh|s=沈丹高速公路|labels=no}}) to the southeast, part of the [[G1113 Dandong–Fuxin Expressway|G11<sub>13</sub> Dandong–Fuxin Expressway]] that traverses Shenyang from the northwest, is a 4-lane expressway leading to [[Benxi]] and [[Dandong]], and also serves [[Shenyang Taoxian International Airport]]. The 4-lane [[G1212 Shenyang–Jilin Expressway|G12<sub>12</sub> Shenji Expressway]] ({{lang-zh|s=沈吉高速公路|labels=no}}) to the east was completed in 2011, linking Shenyang to [[Jilin City|Jilin]] via [[Fushun]]. The 8-lane [[Beijing–Shenyang Expressway|Jingshen Expressway]] ({{lang-zh|s=京沈高速公路|labels=no}}) to the west is an integral part of the extended [[G1 Jingha Expressway]] ({{lang-zh|s=京哈高速公路|labels=no}}) beyond the northeast, and is a major interprovincial "trunk road" across the [[Shanhai Pass]] linking to the national capital [[Beijing]] some {{convert|658|km|mi|abbr=on}} away. There are other smaller provincial-level expressways ("S routes") to other cities like [[Fushun]], [[Liaoyang]] and [[Panjin]], as well as many long-distance and express bus routes to Beijing and other large Northeastern regional centers via major national roads such as the [[China National Highways]] [[China National Highway 101|101]], [[China National Highway 102|102]], [[China National Highway 203|203]] and [[China National Highway 304|304]].

===Airport===
[[File:Shenyang Taoxian International Airport Terminal 3.jpg|thumb|right|Taoxian International Airport]]
The city is served by the [[Shenyang Taoxian International Airport]], located in [[Hunnan District]]. It is one of the eight major [[airline hub]]s and [[List of the busiest airports in China|the 23rd busiest airport]] in China.<ref name="桃仙机场">{{cite web |url=http://www.syghgt.gov.cn/ywpd/cxgh/ghbz/xjxxxgh/content/4028e4822ee17ee6012ee23f9b8101a7.html |script-title=zh:桃仙机场T3航站楼 |publisher=Shenyang Planning and Land and Resources Bureau ({{lang|zh-hans|沈阳市规划和国土资源局}}) |access-date=2013-05-05 |language=zh-hans |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726235414/http://www.syghgt.gov.cn/ywpd/cxgh/ghbz/xjxxxgh/content/4028e4822ee17ee6012ee23f9b8101a7.html |archive-date=2013-07-26 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="桃仙机场2">{{cite web |url=http://jt.china.com.cn/jtzs/jtjs/2012-12-12/242741.html |script-title=zh:沈阳桃仙国际机场T3航站明年投入使用 |script-website=zh:中国网 |access-date=2013-05-05 |language=zh-hans |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130628080922/http://jt.china.com.cn/jtzs/jtjs/2012-12-12/242741.html |archive-date=2013-06-28}}</ref>

There are three other airports in Shenyang, none of them open to public. The East Pagoda Airport ({{lang-zh|s=东塔机场|labels=no}}) in Dadong District is the oldest airport in Shenyang, opened in 1920s and retired in the 1980s,<ref name="最早机场东塔机场">{{cite news |author=Yang Qinglin ({{lang|zh-hans|杨清林}}) |script-title=zh:27年前, 遭劫持的飞机从东塔机场起飞 |url=http://www.lnfzb.com/news_view.aspx?id=20101209205707356 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111227152020/http://lnfzb.com/news_view.aspx?id=20101209205707356 |archive-date=2011-12-27 |publisher={{lang|zh-hans|《辽宁法制报》}}|date=2010-12-09 |access-date=2014-01-08}}</ref><ref name="东塔机场">{{cite news |script-title=zh:沈阳东塔机场曾是奉系空军诞生地 |url=http://epaper.lnd.com.cn/html/lnrb/20130525/lnrb1206617.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219021927/http://epaper.lnd.com.cn/html/lnrb/20130525/lnrb1206617.html |archive-date=2013-12-19 |work=Liaoning Daily |date=2013-05-25 |access-date=2013-12-18}}</ref> though there has been proposals in 2013 to relocate and reopen it in [[Xinmin, Liaoning|Xinmin]]. The Beiling Airport ({{lang-zh|s=北陵机场|labels=no}}) in Huanggu District is used by [[Shenyang Aircraft Corporation]] for [[test flight]]s. The Yuhong Airport ({{lang-zh|s=于洪机场|labels=no}}) in Yuhong District is commissioned for military use only by the local [[Northern Theater Command]] garrisons.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.caac.gov.cn/h1/w1/200701/t20070118_1219.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071203034919/http://www.caac.gov.cn/H1/W1/200701/t20070118_1219.html |archive-date=2007-12-03 |script-title=zh:于洪全胜机场 |publisher={{lang|zh-hans|中国民用航空局}} |access-date=2013-11-20 |language=zh-hans}}</ref>

===Public transport===
[[File:Trams in Shenyang1.JPG|thumb|Hunnan Tram, a [[Changchun Railway Vehicles|CRV]] [[low-floor tram|70% Low-Floor Tram]] serving Hunnan District]]
In Shenyang, there are more than 160 bus routes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.syboke.com/user1/coolboy/archives/2006/6956.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929070544/http://www.syboke.com/user1/coolboy/archives/2006/6956.html |archive-date=2007-09-29 |script-title=zh:沈阳公交线路表(市区线路)-心·路}}</ref> Shenyang used to have about 20 [[trolley bus]] routes, one of the biggest trolley bus networks in China.<ref name="沈阳公交通史4">{{cite web |url=http://www.shenyangbus.com/a/gjls/2010/0614/249.html |script-title=zh:沈阳市区公共交通史(四)新中国成立后的公共交通(1949–1957 |access-date=2013-11-19 |publisher=Shenyang Bus |date=2010-06-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219141016/http://www.shenyangbus.com/a/gjls/2010/0614/249.html |archive-date=2014-02-19 |url-status=live}}</ref> The entire network was demolished in 1999 after [[1998 Shenyang trolleybus electrocution accident|a serious electrocution accident]] that killed 5 passengers on August 12, 1998, and was replaced by gas and diesel-powered buses.

[[Trams in Shenyang]] were introduced in 1924, and had 6 lines in operation up until 1945. It suffered major disruptions during the [[Chinese Civil War]] from [[power outage]] and [[Kuomintang]] bombings, but quickly resumed operation after the conclusion of the [[Liaoshen Campaign]]. After the establishment of the [[People's Republic of China]], the tram network was gradually replaced by the buses and trolley buses, and eventually closed in 1974.<ref>{{cite book |script-title=zh:沈阳市志 |publisher=沈阳出版社 |author=沈阳市人民政府地方志编撰办公室 |year=1989 |page=51 |isbn=7-80556-000-5}}</ref> In December 2011, the Shenyang city government announced plans to rebuild the [[light rail transit]] network in 2012, comprising 4 lines with {{convert|60|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} distance in the [[Hunnan New District]]. The [[Shenyang Modern Tram]] network started operation on August 15, 2013.

[[File:Shenyang Metro Zhongjie Station.jpg|thumb|[[Shenyang Metro]] [[Line 1 (Shenyang Metro)|Line 1]]]]
Shenyang has been planning an underground [[rapid transit]] system since 1940, but was unable to materialize the idea due to the city's [[geology]] and engineering limitations.<ref name="地铁故事">{{cite web |url=http://www.shenyangbus.com/a/sydt/dtdsj/2010/0628/329.html |script-title=zh:沈阳地铁大事记(1940年-2010年) |publisher=Shenyang Bus |access-date=2012-05-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120105051656/http://shenyangbus.com/a/sydt/dtdsj/2010/0628/329.html |archive-date=2012-01-05 |url-status=live}}</ref> On November 18, 2005, the construction of the first [[Shenyang Metro]] line began<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.symtc.com |script-title=zh:沈阳地铁官方网站 |publisher=Symtc.com |access-date=2010-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100211094836/http://www.symtc.com/ |archive-date=2010-02-11 |url-status=live}}</ref> and the construction of the second line started on November 18, 2006. The first (east–west) line was opened September 27, 2010, and the second (north–south) was opened on January 9, 2012. in 2023, the second line, running north to south, extended its southern portion to connect with the [[Shenyang Taoxian International Airport|Shenyang Taoxian International]] airport. As of 2023, there are 5 running lines, with the latest of which (line 4) opening on September 29, 2023. Construction is difficult due to the [[granite]]-rich [[bedrock]] on which the city is built.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}