Editing Rhetoric (section)

====Additional theoretical approaches====
Following the [[Neo-Aristotelianism (literature)|neo-Aristotelian]] approaches to criticism, scholars began to derive methods from other disciplines, such as history, philosophy, and the social sciences.<ref name=Jansinski2001>{{cite journal |last1=Jansinski |first1=James |title=The Status of Theory and Method in Rhetorical Criticism |url=http://blog.umd.edu/tpg/files/2012/08/Jasinski-WJC1.pdf |journal=Western Journal of Communication|year=2001 |volume=65 |issue=3 |pages=249–270 |doi=10.1080/10570310109374705 |s2cid=151981343 |access-date=5 June 2017 |archive-date=29 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329060528/http://blog.umd.edu/tpg/files/2012/08/Jasinski-WJC1.pdf }}</ref>{{rp|249}} The importance of critics' personal judgment {{clarify|reason=coverage of what by whom? explicit how?|text=decreased in explicit coverage|date=September 2023}} while the analytical dimension of criticism began to gain momentum. Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, methodological pluralism replaced the singular neo-Aristotelian method. Methodological rhetorical criticism is typically done by deduction, in which {{Vague|reason=what's "a broad method"?|text=a broad method|date=September 2023}} is used to examine a specific case of rhetoric.<ref>{{cite book|last=Foss|first=Sonja|year=1989|title=Rhetorical Criticism: Exploration and Practice|location=Prospect Heights|publisher=Waveland Press, Inc.}}</ref> {{clarify|reason="these" isn't appropriate as this is the first mention of "types" in the section|text=These types|date=September 2023}} include:
; [[Ideological criticism]] : ''engages rhetoric as it suggests the beliefs, values, assumptions, and interpretations held by the rhetor or the larger culture''
: Ideological criticism also treats ideology as an artifact of discourse, one that is embedded in key terms (called "[[ideographs]]") as well as material resources and discursive embodiment.
; [[Cluster criticism]] : ''seeks to help the critic understand the rhetor's worldview'' (developed by [[Kenneth Burke]])
: This means identifying terms that are "clustered" around key symbols in the rhetorical artifact and the patterns in which they appear.
; [[Frame analysis]] : ''looks for how rhetors construct an interpretive lens in their discourse''
: In short, how they make certain facts more noticeable than others. It is particularly useful for analyzing products of the news media.
; [[Genre criticism]] : ''assumes certain situations call for similar needs and expectations within the audience, therefore calling for certain types of rhetoric''
: It studies rhetoric in different times and locations, looking at similarities in the rhetorical situation and the rhetoric that responds to them. Examples include eulogies, inaugural addresses, and declarations of war.
; [[Narrative criticism]] : ''narratives help organize experiences in order to endow meaning to historical events and transformations''
: Narrative criticism focuses on the story itself and how the construction of the narrative directs the interpretation of the situation.

By the mid-1980s the study of rhetorical criticism began to move away from precise methodology towards conceptual issues. Conceptually-driven criticism<ref>{{cite book|first=Stephanie Houston|last=Grey|chapter=Conceptually-Oriented Criticism|title=Rhetorical Criticism: Perspectives in Action|editor-link=Jim A. Kuypers|editor-first=Jim A.|editor-last=Kuypers|location=Lanham, Md.|publisher=[[Lexington Books]]|year=2009}}</ref> operates more through abduction, according to scholar James Jasinski, who argues that this type of criticism can be thought of as a back-and-forth between the text and the concepts{{Specify|reason=which concepts are these? those in the text or some other set?|date=September 2023}}, which are being explored at the same time. The concepts remain "works in progress", and understanding {{clarify|reason=Are "those terms" the same as "the concepts" or something different?|text=those terms|date=September 2023}} develops through the analysis of a text.{{r|Jansinski2001|page=256}}

Criticism is considered rhetorical when it focuses on the way some types of discourse react to situational exigencies—problems or demands—and constraints. Modern rhetorical criticism concerns how the rhetorical case or object persuades, defines, or constructs the audience. In modern terms, rhetoric includes, but it is not limited to, speeches, scientific discourse, pamphlets, literary work, works of art, and pictures. Contemporary rhetorical criticism has maintained aspects of early neo-Aristotelian thinking through close reading, which attempts to explore the organization and stylistic structure of a rhetorical object.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Leff |first=Michael |year=2001 |title=Lincoln at Cooper Union: Neo-Classical Criticism Revisited |journal=Western Journal of Communication |volume=65 |issue=3 |pages=232–48 |doi=10.1080/10570310109374704 |s2cid=157684635}}</ref> Using close textual analysis means rhetorical critics use the tools of classical rhetoric and literary analysis to evaluate the style and strategy used to communicate the argument.