Editing Reindeer (section)

=== Other threats ===
[[White-tailed deer]] (''Odocoileus virginianus'') commonly carry meningeal worm or brainworm (''[[Parelaphostrongylus tenuis]]''), a [[nematode]] parasite that causes reindeer, [[moose]] (''Alces alces''), [[elk]] (''Cervus canadensis''), and [[mule deer]] (''Odocoileus hemionus'') to develop fatal neurological symptoms<ref name="duffy-wildlife-diseases">{{cite journal |last=Duffy |first=Michael S. |author2=Nathan J. Keppie |author3=Michael D. B. Burt |title=Meningeal Worm is a Long-lived Parasitic Nematode in White-tailed Deer |journal=Journal of Wildlife Diseases |year=2002 |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=448–452 |doi=10.7589/0090-3558-38.2.448 |pmid=12038147 |s2cid=39879199}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Smith |first=M.C. |display-authors=etal |title=Goat Medicine |publisher=Lea & Febiger |year=1994 |volume=150}}</ref><ref name="vet.utk.edu">{{cite web |url=http://www.vet.utk.edu/news/story/brain-worm-%28meningeal-worm%29-infestation-in-llamas-and-alpacas.html |title="Brain Worm" (Meningeal Worm) Infestation in Llamas and Alpacas |publisher=University of Tennessee |access-date=14 November 2013|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021025732/http://www.vet.utk.edu/news/story/brain-worm-%28meningeal-worm%29-infestation-in-llamas-and-alpacas.html |archive-date=21 October 2013}}</ref> which include a loss of fear of humans. White-tailed deer that carry this worm are partially immune to it.<ref name="Naughton2011" />

Changes in climate and habitat beginning in the 20th century have expanded range overlap between white-tailed deer and caribou, increasing the frequency of infection within the reindeer population. This increase in infection is a concern for wildlife managers. Human activities, such as "clear-cutting forestry practices, forest fires, and the clearing for agriculture, roadways, railways, and power lines," favor the conversion of habitats into the preferred habitat of the white-tailed deer – "open forest interspersed with meadows, clearings, grasslands, and riparian flatlands."<ref name="Naughton2011" /> Towards the end of the Soviet Union, there was increasingly open admission from the Soviet government that reindeer numbers were being negatively affected by human activity, and that this must be remediated especially by supporting reindeer breeding by native herders.<ref name="Astakhov-Khaitun-Subbotin-1989">{{cite journal | last1=Astakhov | first1=Alexander S. | last2=Khaitun | first2=A. D. | last3=Subbotin | first3=G. E. | title=Socioeconomic Aspects of Oil and Gas Development in West Siberia | journal=[[Annual Review of Energy and the Environment]] | publisher=[[Annual Reviews (publisher)|Annual Reviews]] | volume=14 | issue=1 | year=1989 | issn=0362-1626 | doi=10.1146/annurev.eg.14.110189.001001 | pages=117–130 | s2cid=154741203| doi-access=free }}</ref>