Editing Reformation (section)

===Beginnings===
The religious upheaval in Germany and the sack of Rome convinced many Catholics that their Church was in need of a profound reform. [[Pope Paul III]] ({{reign|1534|1549}}) appointed prominent representatives of the Catholic reform movement as cardinals, among them Contarini, [[Reginald Pole]] (d. 1558), and [[Giovanni Pietro Caraffa]] (d. 1559). They [[Consilium de Emendanda Ecclesia|completed a report]] condemning the corruption of church administration and the waste of church revenues.{{refn|group=note|Among others, the report suggested the dissolution of most monastic orders, allowing only the strictest orders to survive.{{sfn|Collinson|2005|p=94}}}} Contarini, Pole and other {{lang|it|Spirituali}} were ready to make concessions to the Protestants but their liberalism shocked Caraffa and other conservative prelates.{{sfn|MacCulloch|2003|pp=207–211}}

Negotiations between moderate Catholic and Protestant theologians were not unusual. In 1541, Bucer and the Catholic theologian [[Johann Gropper]] (d. 1559) drafted a compromise formula on [[justification (theology)|justification]].{{refn|group=note|The compromise included the statement that "the sinner is justified by a living and effectual faith".{{sfn|Collinson|2005|p=92}}}} The draft was discussed along with other issues at a colloquy during the [[Diet of Regensburg (1541)|Diet of Regensburg]] but no compromise was reached, not least due to opposition by both Luther and the Holy See.{{sfn|Cameron|2012|pp=353–354}} Contarini, who represented the papacy at the Diet, died in 1541; many {{lang|it|Spirituali}} such as Vermigli fled from Italy to avoid persecution.{{sfn|MacCulloch|2003|p=224}} [[Hermann of Wied]], [[Archbishop-elector of Cologne]] ({{reign|1515|1546}}) completed a reform program with Bucer's assistance, criticising prayers to the saints and traditional Eucharistic theology, and proposing sermons about justification by faith.{{sfn|MacCulloch|2003|pp=262–263}} The canons of the [[Cologne Cathedral]] requested Gropper to write a critical response to it,{{sfn|MacCulloch|2003|p=263}} and achieved Hermann's deposal by the Roman Curia.{{sfn|Cameron|2012|p=354}}