Editing Protest song (section)

===France===
[[File:MireilleMathieu22.03.2006.jpg|thumb|right|[[Mireille Mathieu]] is known for her song "Une femme amoureuse", reflecting themes of freedom and emotion.]]

"[[The Internationale]]"  ("''L'Internationale''" in French) is a [[socialism|socialist]], [[anarchism|anarchist]], [[communism|communist]], and [[social democracy|social-democratic]] [[anthem]].<ref>[[World Book Encyclopedia]], 2018 ed., s.v. "Internationale, The"</ref><ref>"The International Anarchist Congress, Amsterdam, 1907" (PDF). [http://www.fdca.it www.fdca.it.] Retrieved June 4, 2019</ref>

"The Internationale" became the anthem of international [[socialism]]. Its original French refrain is ''C'est la lutte finale/ Groupons-nous et demain/ L'Internationale/ Sera le genre humain.'' (Freely translated: "This is the final struggle/ Let us join together and tomorrow/ The Internationale/ Will be the human race.") The "Internationale" has been translated into most of the world's languages. Traditionally it is sung with the <!---- right (removed because right or left is debated and but does not matter about the "traditional" aspect)----> hand raised in a clenched fist salute. "The Internationale" is sung not only by [[Communism|communist]]s but also (in many countries) by socialists or social democrats. [[#Chinese lyrics|The Chinese version]] was also a rallying song of the students and workers at the [[Tiananmen Square protests of 1989]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The Internationale|url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/INTERNAT.html|publisher=Modern History Sourcebook}}</ref>

There is not so much a protest song trend in France, but rather of a permanent background of criticism and contestation, and individuals who personify it. [[World War II]] and its horrors forced French singers to think more critically about war in general, forcing them to question their governments and the powers who ruled their society.

Jazz trumpeter and singer [[Boris Vian]]'s was one of the first to protest against the Algerian war with his anti-war song "Le déserteur" (The deserter), which was banned by the government.<ref>{{cite web|title=Boris Vian biography|url=http://www.biogs.com/famous/vianboris.html|publisher=biogs.com}}</ref>

Several French songwriters, such as [[Léo Ferré]] (1916–1993), [[Georges Brassens]] (1921–1981), [[Jacques Brel]] (1929–1978) (actually a Belgian singer), [[Maxime Le Forestier]] (born 1949) or interpreters ([[Yves Montand]], [[Marcel Mouloudji]], [[Serge Reggiani]], [[Graeme Allwright]] ...) often wrote or sang songs aligned against majority ideas and political powers. Because racial tensions did not rise to the same levels as those in the United States, criticism was focused more toward bourgeoisie, power, religion, and songs defending liberty of thought, speech and action. After 1945, immigration became a source of inspiration for some singers: [[Pierre Perret]] (born 1934), well known for his humorous songs, started writing several more "serious" and committed songs against racism ("Lily", 1977), which critically pointed out everyday racist behaviour in French society.

Brassens wrote several songs protesting war, hate, intolerance ("Les Deux Oncles" ["''The Two Uncles''"], "La Guerre de 14–18" ["''14–18 War''"], "Mourir pour des idées" ["''To Die for Ideas''"] "Les Patriotes" ["''The Patriots''"] ...), against chauvinism ("La Ballade des gens qui sont nés quelque part" ["Ballad of People Who Are Born Somewhere"]), against bourgeoisie ("La Mauvaise Réputation" ["''The bad reputation''"], "Les Philistins" ["''The Philistines''"] ...). He was often called "anarchist" because of his songs on representatives of law and order (and religion) ("[[Le Gorille]]" ["''The gorilla''"] "Hécatombe" ["''Slaughter''"] "Le Nombril des femmes d'agents" ["''The navel of cops wives''"], "Le Mécréant" ["''The miscreant''"] ...).

Ferré was also called an "anarchist". He sang against consumerism ("Vitrines" [''"Shop Fronts"''], "Chanson mécanisée" [''"Mechanized Song"''], "[[Il n'y a plus rien]]" [''"There is nothing left"''] ...), against French [[Algerian War of Independence|war]] ("Miss guéguerre" [''"Miss Squabble"''], "Pacific blues", "Regardez-les" [''"Look at them"''], "Mon général" [''"My general"''], "Les Temps difficiles" [''"Hard Times"''], "La Marseillaise"), death penalty ("Ni Dieu ni maître" [''"No God no Master"''], "La Mort des loups" [''"The Death of the Wolves"'']), Estate control ("La Gueuse", "La Complainte de la télé" [''"Lament of TV"''], "La Révolution" [''"Revolution"''], "Le Conditionnel de variétés" [''"Middle of the road music conditional mood"'']), illusion of representative democracy ("Ils ont voté" [''"They voted"''], "La Grève" [''"Strike"'']), dictatorships ("Franco la muerte", "Allende", "[[La Violence et l'Ennui]]" [''"Words ... Words ... Words ... ''"]), sexual hypocrisy and freedom ("[[Amour Anarchie|Le Chien]]" [''"The Dog"''], "[[Amour Anarchie|Le Mal]]" [''"Evil"''], "Ton style" [''"Your style"''], "[[L'Espoir (album)|La Damnation]]" [''"Damnation"''] ...).

Brel's work is another ode to freedom ("Ces gens-là" ["''These people''"], "Les Bourgeois" ["''The Bourgeois''"], "Jaurès", "Les Bigotes" ["''The bigots''"], "Le Colonel" ["''The colonel''"], "Le Caporal Casse-Pompon" ["''Corporal Break-Nots''"]).