Editing Pain (section)

===Medication===
Acute pain is usually managed with medications such as [[analgesic]]s and [[anesthetic]]s.<ref name="researchgate.net">{{cite journal | vauthors = Mallinson TE |title=A review of ketorolac as a prehospital analgesic |journal=Journal of Paramedic Practice |date=2017 |volume=9 |issue=12 |pages=522–526 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321640488 |access-date=2 June 2018 |language=en |doi=10.12968/jpar.2017.9.12.522 |doi-access=free |archive-date=5 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180605033254/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321640488_A_review_of_ketorolac_as_a_prehospital_analgesic |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Caffeine]] when added to pain medications such as [[ibuprofen]], may provide some additional benefit.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Derry CJ, Derry S, Moore RA | title = Caffeine as an analgesic adjuvant for acute pain in adults | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 12 | issue = 12 | pages = CD009281 | date = December 2014 | pmid = 25502052 | pmc = 6485702 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD009281.pub3 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Derry S, Wiffen PJ, Moore RA | title = Single dose oral ibuprofen plus caffeine for acute postoperative pain in adults | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue = 7 | pages = CD011509 | date = July 2015 | volume = 2019 | pmid = 26171993 | pmc = 6481458 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD011509.pub2 }}</ref> [[Ketamine]] can be used instead of opioids for short-term pain.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Karlow N, Schlaepfer CH, Stoll CR, Doering M, Carpenter CR, Colditz GA, Motov S, Miller J, Schwarz ES | display-authors = 6 | title = A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Ketamine as an Alternative to Opioids for Acute Pain in the Emergency Department | journal = Academic Emergency Medicine | volume = 25 | issue = 10 | pages = 1086–1097 | date = October 2018 | pmid = 30019434 | doi = 10.1111/acem.13502 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Pain medications can cause paradoxical side effects, such as [[opioid-induced hyperalgesia]] (severe generalized pain caused by long-term opioid use).<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Higgins C, Smith BH, Matthews K | title = Evidence of opioid-induced hyperalgesia in clinical populations after chronic opioid exposure: a systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = British Journal of Anaesthesia | volume = 122 | issue = 6 | pages = e114–e126 | date = June 2019 | pmid = 30915985 | doi = 10.1016/j.bja.2018.09.019 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Fishbain DA, Pulikal A | title = Does Opioid Tapering in Chronic Pain Patients Result in Improved Pain or Same Pain vs Increased Pain at Taper Completion? A Structured Evidence-Based Systematic Review | journal = Pain Medicine | volume = 20 | issue = 11 | pages = 2179–2197 | date = November 2019 | pmid = 30597076 | doi = 10.1093/pm/pny231 | url = https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30597076 | access-date = 19 February 2021 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210118010043/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30597076/ | archive-date = 18 January 2021 }}</ref>

{{anchor|Oral sugar}}

Sugar ([[sucrose]]) when taken by mouth reduces [[Pain in babies|pain in newborn babies]] undergoing some medical procedures (a [[Incision and drainage|lancing]] of the heel, [[venipuncture]], and [[intramuscular injections]]). Sugar does not remove pain from [[circumcision]], and it is unknown if sugar reduces pain for other procedures.<ref name="StevensYamada2016">{{cite journal | vauthors = Stevens B, Yamada J, Ohlsson A, Haliburton S, Shorkey A | title = Sucrose for analgesia in newborn infants undergoing painful procedures | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 7 | pages = CD001069 | date = July 2016 | issue = 2 | pmid = 27420164 | pmc = 6457867 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD001069.pub5 }}</ref> Sugar did not affect pain-related [[EEG|electrical activity]] in the brains of newborns one second after the heel lance procedure.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lasky RE, van Drongelen W | title = Is sucrose an effective analgesic for newborn babies? | journal = Lancet | volume = 376 | issue = 9748 | pages = 1201–1203 | date = October 2010 | pmid = 20817245 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61358-X | s2cid = 18724497 }}</ref> Sweet liquid by mouth moderately reduces the rate and duration of crying caused by immunization injection in children between one and twelve months of age.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Harrison D, Stevens B, Bueno M, Yamada J, Adams-Webber T, Beyene J, Ohlsson A | title = Efficacy of sweet solutions for analgesia in infants between 1 and 12 months of age: a systematic review | journal = Archives of Disease in Childhood | volume = 95 | issue = 6 | pages = 406–413 | date = June 2010 | pmid = 20463370 | doi = 10.1136/adc.2009.174227 | doi-access = free }}</ref>