Editing Ophthalmology (section)

===18th–19th centuries===
* [[Theodor Leber]] (1840–1917) discovered Leber's congenital amaurosis, Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy, Leber's miliary aneurysm, and Leber's stellate neuroretinitis
* [[Carl Ferdinand von Arlt]] (1812–1887), the elder (Austrian), proved that myopia is largely due to an excessive axial length, published influential textbooks on eye disease, and ran annual eye clinics in needy areas long before the concept of volunteer eye camps became popular; his name is still attached to some disease signs, e.g., von [[Arlt's line]] in trachoma and his son, Ferdinand Ritter von Arlt, the younger, was also an ophthalmologist
* [[Jacques Daviel]] (1696–1762) (France) performed the first documented planned primary cataract extraction on Sep. 18, 1750 in Cologne.<ref name="Eye1">{{cite journal | last1 = Leffler | first1 = CT | last2 = Hogewind | first2 = BF |name-list-style=vanc | year = 2023 | title = Jacques Daviel performed the first documented planned primary cataract extraction on Sep. 18, 1750. | journal = Eye | volume = Dec. 6, 2023| issue = 7 | pages = 1392–1393 | doi = 10.1038/s41433-023-02874-5 | pmid = 38057561 | pmc = 11076578 | s2cid = 266051586 }}</ref>
* [[Franciscus Donders]] (1818–1889) (Dutch) published pioneering analyses of ocular biomechanics, intraocular pressure, [[glaucoma]], and physiological [[optics]] and he made possible the prescribing of combinations of spherical and cylindrical lenses to treat [[astigmatism]]
* [[Joseph Forlenze]] (1757–1833) (Italy), specialist in [[cataract surgery]], became popular during the [[First French Empire]], healing, among many, personalities such as the minister [[Jean-Étienne-Marie Portalis]] and the poet [[Ponce Denis Écouchard Lebrun|Ponce Denis Lebrun]]; he was nominated by [[Napoleon]] "chirurgien oculiste of the lycees, the civil hospices and all the charitable institutions of the departments of the Empire",<ref>[[Jan E. Goldstein|Jan Ellen Goldstein]], ''Console and Classify. The French Psychiatric Profession in the Nineteenth Century'', Chicago Press, 2002, p. 63</ref> and he also was known for his free interventions, mainly in favour of poor people
[[Image:Albrecht v Graefe3.jpg|thumb|160px|Albrecht von Graefe]]
* [[Albrecht von Graefe (ophthalmologist)|Albrecht von Graefe]] (1828–1870) (Germany) probably the most important ophthalmologist of the nineteenth century, along with Helmholtz and Donders, one of the 'founding fathers' of ophthalmology as a specialty, he was a brilliant clinician and charismatic teacher who had an international influence on the development of ophthalmology, and was a pioneer in mapping visual field defects and diagnosis and treatment of glaucoma, and he introduced a cataract extraction technique that remained the standard for more than 100 years, and many other important surgical techniques such as iridectomy. He rationalised the use of many ophthalmically important drugs, including mydriatics and miotics; he also was the founder of one of the earliest ophthalmic societies (German Ophthalmological Society, 1857) and one of the earliest ophthalmic journals (''Graefe's Archives of Ophthalmology'')

* [[L. L. Zamenhof]] (b.1859) (Poland) was a Polish ophthalmologist who created the [[Conlang|constructed international auxiliary language]] known as [[Esperanto]].

[[File:Allvar Gullstrand 02.jpg|thumb|160px|Allvar Gullstrand]]
* [[Allvar Gullstrand]] (1862–1930) (Sweden) was a [[Nobel Prize]]-winner in 1911 for his research on the eye as a light-refracting apparatus, he described the 'schematic eye', a mathematical model of the [[human eye]] based on his measurements known as the 'optical constants' of the eye; his measurements are still used today
* [[Hermann von Helmholtz]] (1821–1894), a great German [[polymath]], invented the ophthalmoscope (1851) and published important work on physiological optics, including colour vision.
* [[Julius Hirschberg]] (1843–1925) (Germany) in 1879 became the first to use an [[electromagnet]] to remove metallic [[foreign body|foreign bodies]] from the [[human eye|eye]] and in 1886 developed the [[Hirschberg test]] for measuring [[strabismus]]
* [[Peter Adolph Gad]] (1846–1907), Danish-Brazilian ophthalmologist who founded the first eye infirmary in São Paulo, Brazil
* [[Rosa Kerschbaumer-Putjata]] (1851–1923), Russian-Austrian ophthalmologist who was the first female doctor in Austria, headed "mobile ophthalmological troops" in Russia and reduced the above-average number of blind people in [[Salzburg]] where she ran a private eye clinic.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ing |first=Susanne |title=Rosa Kerschbaumer-Putjata |url=https://www.stadt-salzburg.at/archiv/frauen-und-geschlechtergeschichte/rosa-kerschbaumer-putjata |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=Stadt Salzburg |language=de}}</ref>
* Socrate Polara (1800–1860, Italy) founded the first dedicated ophthalmology clinic in [[Sicily]] in 1829, as a philanthropic endeavor; in 1831 he was appointed as the first director of the ophthalmology department at the Grand Hospital of [[Palermo]], Sicily, after the Sicilian government became convinced of the importance of state support for the specialization<ref>{{cite book|last=Parisi|first=Antonino|title=Annuario Storico del Regno della Due Sicilie, dal Principio del Governo, di Ferdinando II Borbone|year=1838|publisher=Tipografica Trani (Napoli)|pages=66–67}}</ref>
* [[Herman Snellen]] (1834–1908) (Netherlands) introduced the [[Snellen chart]] to study [[visual acuity]]