Editing Norway (section)

=== Research ===
[[File:Niels Henrik Abel.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Niels Henrik Abel]] made pioneering contributions in a variety of fields. The [[Abel Prize]] in mathematics, originally proposed in 1899 to complement the [[Nobel Prize]]s, is named in his honour.]]

Norway has a rich history of contributions to science, mathematics, and technology, with several internationally recognized scientists and innovators.

In mathematics, [[Niels Henrik Abel]] and [[Sophus Lie]] made groundbreaking contributions to analysis and [[group theory]]. [[Caspar Wessel]] was the first to describe [[Vector space|vectors]] and [[Complex number|complex numbers]] in the [[complex plane]], laying the foundation for modern vector and complex analysis. [[Thoralf Skolem]] made revolutionary contributions to [[mathematical logic]], while [[Øystein Ore]] and [[Peter Ludvig Sylow|Ludwig Sylow]] advanced group theory. [[Atle Selberg]], a major figure in 20th-century mathematics, was honored with the [[Fields Medal]], [[Wolf Prize in Mathematics|Wolf Prize]], and [[Abel Prize]]. [[Ernst Sejersted Selmer|Ernst S. Selmer]]'s work significantly influenced modern [[Cryptographic algorithm|cryptographic algorithms]].

In physics, notable figures include [[Kristian Birkeland]], known for his work on the [[Aurora|aurora borealis]], and [[Ivar Giaever]], a Nobel laureate in physics. [[Carl Anton Bjerknes]] and [[Christopher Hansteen]] made contributions to [[hydrodynamics]] and [[Earth's magnetic field|geomagnetism]], respectively. The meteorologists [[Vilhelm Bjerknes]] and [[Ragnar Fjørtoft]] were instrumental in the development of [[numerical weather prediction]].

Norwegian chemists like [[Lars Onsager]], a Nobel laureate, and [[Odd Hassel]], recognized for his work in [[stereochemistry]], have left a lasting legacy. [[Peter Waage]] and [[Cato Maximilian Guldberg]] formulated the [[law of mass action]], fundamental to chemical reaction theory.

In technology, [[Victor Goldschmidt]] is regarded as a founder of modern [[geochemistry]]. [[Håkon Wium Lie]] pioneered [[CSS|Cascading Style Sheets]] (CSS), a cornerstone of web design. [[Pål Spilling]] contributed to the development of the [[Internet Protocol]], bringing the Internet to Europe. Computer scientists [[Ole-Johan Dahl]] and [[Kristen Nygaard]] developed [[Simula]], the first [[Object-oriented programming|object-oriented programming language]], earning them the prestigious [[Turing Award]].

Norwegian academics have also advanced social sciences. [[Arne Næss]] founded [[deep ecology]], while [[Johan Galtung]] established the field of [[Peace and conflict studies|peace studies]]. Criminologists [[Nils Christie]] and [[Thomas Mathiesen]], sociologists [[Vilhelm Aubert]], [[Harriet Holter]], and [[Erik Grønseth]], and political scientist [[Stein Rokkan]] made pioneering contributions to their fields. Economists [[Ragnar Frisch]], [[Trygve Haavelmo]], and [[Finn E. Kydland]] were honored with Nobel Prizes for their work in [[econometrics]] and [[macroeconomics]].

As of 2024, Norway is ranked 21st in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2024.<ref>{{Cite book |author=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]] |year=2024 |title=Global Innovation Index 2024: Unlocking the Promise of Social Entrepreneurship |url=https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2024/en/ |access-date=6 October 2024 |page=18 |publisher=World Intellectual Property Organization |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.50062 |isbn=978-92-805-3681-2}}</ref> The country has produced fourteen Nobel laureates across various disciplines.