Editing Northumbria (section)

==Economy==
[[File:Coin of Aldfrith.png|thumb|right|Silver sceatta of Aldfrith of Northumbria (686–705). OBVERSE: +AldFRIdUS, pellet-in-annulet; REVERSE: Lion with forked tail standing left.]]Northumbria's economy centred around agriculture, with livestock and land being popular units of value in local trade.<ref>{{harvnb|Sawyer|2013|pp=1–4}}</ref> By the mid 800s, the [[Open field system]] was likely the pre-eminent mode of farming. Like much of eastern England, Northumbria exported grain, silver, hides, and slaves.<ref>{{harvnb|Sawyer|2013|p=33}}</ref> Imports from Frankia included oil, luxury goods, and clerical supplies in the 700s.<ref>{{harvnb|Sawyer|2013|pp=64–67}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Allot|1974}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Alcuinus|2006}}</ref> Especially after 793, raids, gifts, and trade with Scandinavians resulted in substantial economic ties across the [[North Sea]].
[[File:Copper_alloy_styca_of_King_Osberht_(YORYM_2001_3265)_obverse.jpg|thumb|Copper alloy styca of King Osberht (YORYM 2001 3265) obverse]]
When [[Coinage in Anglo-Saxon England|coinage]] (as opposed to bartering) regained popularity in the late 600s, Northumbrian coins featured kings' names, indicating royal control of currency. Royal currency was unique in Britain for a long time. [[Aldfrith of Northumbria|King Aldfrith]] (685–705) minted Northumbria's earliest silver coins, likely in York. Later royal coinage bears the name of [[Eadberht of Northumbria|King Eadberht]] (738–758), as well as his brother, Archbishop [[Ecgbert of York]].<ref name="Wood28">{{harvnb|Wood|2008|p=28}}</ref> These coins were primarily small silver [[sceat]]tas, more suitable to small, everyday transactions than larger gold Frankish or Roman coins.<ref>{{harvnb|Sawyer|2013|p=34}}</ref> During the reign of [[Eanred of Northumbria|King Eanred]] the silver content of the coins declined until they were produced in copper alloy, these coins are commonly known as [[styca]]s, but the term is an antiquarian invention.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Pirie|first=E.&nbsp;J. E|year=1982|title=THE RIPON HOARD, 1695: CONTEMPORARY AND CURRENT INTEREST|url=https://www.britnumsoc.org/publications/Digital%20BNJ/pdfs/1982_BNJ_52_8.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.britnumsoc.org/publications/Digital%20BNJ/pdfs/1982_BNJ_52_8.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live|journal=British Numismatic Journal|volume=52}}</ref> Stycas remains in use throughout the kingdom until at least the 860s and possibly later.<ref>{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Gareth|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1047651834|title=A riverine site near York : a possible Viking camp?|year=2020|others=Gareth Williams|isbn=978-0-86159-224-1|location=London|page=79|oclc=1047651834}}</ref> Larger [[bullion]] values can be seen in the silver ingots found in the [[Bedale Hoard]], along with sword fittings and necklaces in gold and silver.<ref>{{harvnb|Ager|2012}}</ref>