Editing Norfolk, Virginia (section)

==Infrastructure==

===Transportation===
{{further|Transportation in Norfolk|Hampton Roads Transit}}
[[File:Hampton Roads Bridge Tunnel.jpg|thumb|[[Hampton Roads Bridge–Tunnel]]]]
The city has a long history as a strategic military and transportation point, where many railroad lines started. Norfolk was the terminus of the [[Atlantic and Danville Railway]] in 1890.<ref name="AmRails2020">{{cite web |url=https://www.american-rails.com/nfd.html#gallery[pageGallery]/3/ |title=American Rails |last=Burns |first=Adam |access-date=18 June 2020}}</ref> It is linked to its neighbors by an extensive network of [[Interstate Highway System|interstate highways]], [[bridge]]s, [[tunnel]]s, and three [[bridge-tunnel]] complexes, which are the only bridge-tunnels in the United States. The city was the corporate headquarters of [[Norfolk Southern Railway]], one of North America's principal [[Class I railroad]]s, before the company relocated their headquarters to [[Atlanta|Atlanta, Georgia]].{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}

[[File:HRT 1603 at Norfolk General.jpg|thumb|Hampton Roads Transit bus at [[Sentara Norfolk General Hospital]]]]
Norfolk is linked with its neighbors through an extensive network of arterial and [[Interstate Highway System|Interstate highways]], [[bridge]]s, [[tunnel]]s, and [[bridge-tunnel]] complexes. The major east–west routes are [[Interstate 64 in Virginia|Interstate 64]], [[U.S. Route 58 in Virginia|U.S. Route 58]] ([[Virginia Beach Boulevard]]) and [[U.S. Route 60 in Virginia|U.S. Route 60]] (Ocean View Avenue). The major north–south routes are [[U.S. Route 13 in Virginia|U.S. Route 13]] and [[U.S. Route 460 in Virginia|U.S. Route 460]], also known as [[Granby Street]]. Other main roadways in Norfolk include [[Virginia State Route 403|Newtown Road]], [[Waterside Drive]], [[Tidewater Drive]], and [[Military Highway]]. The Hampton Roads Beltway (I-64 and [[I-664]]) makes a loop around Norfolk.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}

Norfolk is primarily served by the [[Norfolk International Airport]] {{Airport codes|ORF|KORF|ORF}}, now the region's major commercial airport. The airport is located near the Chesapeake Bay, along with the city limits straddling neighboring [[Virginia Beach, Virginia|Virginia Beach]].<ref name="ORF History">{{cite web |url=http://www.norfolkairport.com/airportinfo/missionhistory.htm |title=Norfolk International Airport Mission and History |access-date=October 2, 2007 |publisher=Norfolk International Airport |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928203630/http://www.norfolkairport.com/airportinfo/missionhistory.htm |archive-date=September 28, 2007}}</ref> Seven airlines provide nonstop services to twenty five destinations. ORF had 3,703,664 passengers take off or land at its facility and 68,778,934 pounds of cargo were processed through its facilities.<ref name="ORF Statistics">{{cite web |url=http://www.norfolkairport.com/airportinfo/orfstats.pdf |title=Norfolk International Airport Statistics |access-date=October 2, 2007 |publisher=Norfolk International Airport |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071025202830/http://www.norfolkairport.com/airportinfo/orfstats.pdf |archive-date=October 25, 2007}}</ref> [[Newport News/Williamsburg International Airport]] also provides commercial air service for the [[Hampton Roads]] area.<ref name="Newport News/Williamsburg International Airport">{{cite web |url=http://www.nnwairport.com/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001204184500/http://www.nnwairport.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 4, 2000 |title=Newport News/Williamsburg International Airport |access-date=February 25, 2008 |publisher=Newport News/Williamsburg International Airport}}</ref> NNWIA is also the only airport in the region with direct international flights, as of February 2013. The [[Chesapeake Regional Airport]] provides general aviation services and is located {{cvt|5|mi}} outside the city limits.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}

Norfolk is served by [[Amtrak]]'s [[Northeast Regional]] service through the [[Norfolk (Amtrak station)|Norfolk]] station, located in downtown Norfolk adjacent to [[Harbor Park]] stadium. The line runs west along [[Norfolk Southern Railway|Norfolk Southern]] trackage, paralleling the [[U.S. Route 460 in Virginia|US Route 460]] corridor to [[Petersburg, Virginia|Petersburg]], thence on to [[Richmond, Virginia|Richmond]] and beyond.
A high-speed rail connection at Richmond to both the [[Northeast Corridor]] and the [[Southeast High Speed Rail Corridor|Southeast High-Speed Rail Corridor]] are also under study.<ref name="SEHSR">{{cite web |url=http://www.sehsr.org/ |title=Southeast High Speed Rail |access-date=October 15, 2007 |publisher=Southeast High Speed Rail |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515181215/http://www.sehsr.org/ |archive-date=May 15, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[Greyhound Lines]] provides service from a central bus terminal in downtown Norfolk.<ref name="Today's Bus">{{cite web |url=http://www.todaysbus.com/ |title=Today's Bus |access-date=October 10, 2007 |publisher=Today's Bus |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071008133847/http://www.todaysbus.com/ |archive-date=October 8, 2007}}</ref>

In April 2007, construction of the new $36 million Half Moone Cruise Terminal was completed downtown adjacent to the Nauticus Museum, providing a [[state-of-the-art]] permanent structure for various cruise lines and passengers wishing to embark from Norfolk. Previously, makeshift structures were used to embark/disembark passengers, supplies, and crew.<ref name="Half Moone Terminal" />

The [[Intracoastal Waterway]] passes through Norfolk. Norfolk also has extensive frontage and port facilities on the navigable portions of the [[Western Branch Elizabeth River|Western]] and [[Southern Branch Elizabeth River|Southern]] Branches of the [[Elizabeth River (Virginia)|Elizabeth River]].
[[File:PortsmouthNorfolkFerry1.jpg|thumb|Ferry to Portsmouth]]
[[Light rail]], [[bus]], [[ferry]] and [[paratransit]] services are provided by [[Hampton Roads Transit]] (HRT), the regional [[public transport]] system headquartered in Hampton. HRT buses operate throughout Norfolk and South Hampton Roads and onto the Peninsula all the way up to Williamsburg. Other routes travel to [[Smithfield, Virginia|Smithfield]]. HRT's ferry service connects downtown Norfolk to Old Town Portsmouth.<ref name="HRT Service">{{cite web |url=http://www.gohrt.com/schedulesandservices/busroutes.html |title=Schedules and Service |access-date=August 11, 2007 |publisher=Hampton Roads Transit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629015529/http://gohrt.com/schedulesandservices/busroutes.html <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date=June 29, 2007}}</ref> Additional services include an HOV express bus to the [[Norfolk Naval Base]], paratransit services, park-and-ride lots, and the Norfolk Electric Trolley, which provides service in the downtown area.<ref name="About HRT">{{cite web |url=http://www.gohrt.com/aboutus/aboutHRT.html |title=About HRT |access-date=August 11, 2007 |publisher=Hampton Roads Transit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070218184601/http://www.gohrt.com/aboutus/aboutHRT.html <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date=February 18, 2007}}</ref>
The [[Tide Light Rail|Tide light rail]] service began operations in August 2011.<ref name="HRT Pressroom">{{cite web |url=http://www.gohrt.com/aboutus/pressroom/08032007.html |title=The Tide in Last Stage of Review |access-date=August 11, 2007 |publisher=Hampton Roads Transit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926235941/http://www.gohrt.com/aboutus/pressroom/08032007.html <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date=September 26, 2007}}</ref> The light rail is a starter route running along the southern portion of Norfolk, commencing at Newtown Road and passing through stations serving areas such as [[Norfolk State University]] and [[Harbor Park]] before going through the heart of downtown Norfolk and terminating at [[Sentara Norfolk General Hospital]].<ref name="Norfolk Light Rail Project">{{cite web |url=http://www.gohrt.com/developmentprojects/norfolklightrailtransitproject.html |title=Norfolk Light Rail Project |access-date=August 11, 2007 |publisher=Hampton Roads Transit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070809014836/http://www.gohrt.com/developmentprojects/norfolklightrailtransitproject.html <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date=August 9, 2007}}</ref> Hampton Roads Transportation, Inc. dispatches Black and White Cabs of Norfolk, Yellow Cab of Norfolk and Norfolk Checker Cab.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}

===Utilities===
Water and sewer services are provided by the city's Department of Utilities. Norfolk receives its electricity from [[Dominion Virginia Power]] which has local sources including the Chesapeake Energy Center (a gas power plant), coal-fired plants in [[Chesapeake, Virginia|Chesapeake]] and [[Southampton County, Virginia|Southampton County]], and the Surry Nuclear Power Plant. Norfolk-headquartered [[AGL Resources#Virginia Natural Gas|Virginia Natural Gas]], a subsidiary of [[AGL Resources]], distributes [[natural gas]] to the city from storage plants in [[James City County, Virginia|James City County]] and [[Chesapeake, Virginia|Chesapeake]].{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}

Norfolk's water quality has been recognized one of the cleanest water systems in the United States and ranked as the fourth best in the United States by ''[[Men's Health (magazine)|Men's Health]]''.<ref name="Norfolk Utilities"/> The city of Norfolk has a tremendous capacity for clean fresh water. The city owns nine reservoirs: Lake Whitehurst, Little Creek Reservoir, Lake Lawson, Lake Smith, Lake Wright, Lake Burnt Mills, Western Branch Reservoir, Lake Prince and Lake Taylor.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.norfolk.gov/Utilities/resources/default.asp |title=Utilities Water Resources, City of Norfolk |publisher=Norfolk.gov |access-date=May 14, 2012 |archive-date=May 5, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505113401/http://www.norfolk.gov/utilities/resources/default.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Virginia tidewater area has grown faster than the local freshwater supply. The river water has always been salty, and the fresh groundwater is no longer available in most areas. Currently, water for the cities of Chesapeake and Virginia Beach is pumped from [[Lake Gaston]] (which straddles the Virginia-North Carolina border) into the City of Norfolk's reservoir system and then diverted to the City of Chesapeake for treatment by the City of Chesapeake. Virginia Beach's portion of water is treated by the City of Norfolk at Moores Bridges water treatment plant and then piped into Virginia Beach. The pipeline is {{cvt|76|mi|km}} long and {{cvt|60|in|mm}} in diameter. Much of its follows the former [[right-of-way (railroad)|right-of-way]] of an abandoned portion of the [[Virginian Railway]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.virginiaplaces.org/watersheds/lakegaston.html |title=VA Places, Gaston Pipeline |publisher=Virginiaplaces.org |access-date=May 14, 2012}}</ref> It is capable of pumping 60 million gallons of water per day; Virginia Beach and Chesapeake are partners in the project.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vbgov.com/dept/putility/lake_gaston/ |title=VA Beach Government, Department of Public Utilities |publisher=Vbgov.com |access-date=2016-06-21 |archive-date=October 16, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061016004357/http://www.vbgov.com/dept/putility/lake_gaston/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The city provides wastewater services for residents and transports wastewater to the regional Hampton Roads Sanitation District treatment plants.<ref name="Norfolk Utilities">{{cite web |url=http://www.norfolk.gov/Utilities/ |title=Norfolk Department of Utilities |access-date=October 17, 2007 |publisher=City of Norfolk}}</ref>

===Healthcare===
[[File:Sentara Norfolk General.jpg|thumb|[[Sentara Norfolk General Hospital]]]]
Because of the prominence of the [[Naval Medical Center Portsmouth]] and the Hampton [[Veterans Health Administration|VA]] Medical Center in Hampton, Norfolk has had a strong role in medicine. Norfolk is served by [[Sentara Norfolk General Hospital]], [[Sentara Leigh Hospital]], and [[Bon Secours DePaul Medical Center]]. The city is also home to the [[Children's Hospital of The King's Daughters]] and [[Lake Taylor Transitional Care Hospital]].<ref name="Hospital Listings">{{cite web |url=http://www.theagapecenter.com/Hospitals/Virginia.htm |title=Virginia Hospitals and Medical Centers |access-date=August 6, 2007 |publisher=The Agape Center |archive-date=August 27, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070827140236/http://www.theagapecenter.com/Hospitals/Virginia.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Norfolk is home to [[Eastern Virginia Medical School]] (EVMS), which is known for its specialists in [[Diabetes mellitus|diabetes]], [[dermatology]], and [[obstetrics]]. It achieved international fame on March 1, 1980, when Drs. Georgianna and Howard Jones opened the first [[in vitro fertilization]]<ref>Nyantoe Yallah</ref> clinic in the U.S. at EVMS. The country's first in-vitro [[test-tube baby]] was born there in December 1981.<ref name="Jones Institute - About Us">{{cite web |url=http://www.jonesinstitute.org/ivf-jones.html |title=Jones Institute – About Us |access-date=August 6, 2007 |publisher=Jones Institute for Reproductive Medicine |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629170027/http://www.jonesinstitute.org/ivf-jones.html <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date=June 29, 2007}}</ref>

The international headquarters of [[Operation Smile]], a nonprofit organization that specializes in repairing facial deformities in underprivileged children from around the globe, is located in the city.<ref name="Operation Smile">{{cite web |url=http://www.operationsmile.org/contactus/ |title=Operation Smile |access-date=August 6, 2007 |publisher=Operation Smile |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707124755/http://www.operationsmile.org/contactus/ <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date=July 7, 2007}}</ref>

[[Physicians for Peace]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://physiciansforpeace.org/ |title=Physicians for Peace website |publisher=Physiciansforpeace.org |access-date=May 14, 2012}}</ref> a non-profit that focuses on providing training and education to medical professionals in the developing world, is based in Norfolk.