Editing Neo-Nazism (section)

==== Hungary ====
[[File:Becsület napja 1997-02-15.jpg|thumb|"Hungaria Skins" with a flag evoking the Arrow Cross in 1997|left]]
In Hungary, the historical political party which allied itself ideologically with German National Socialism and drew inspiration from it, was the [[Arrow Cross Party]] of [[Ferenc Szálasi]]. They referred to themselves explicitly as National Socialists and within Hungarian politics this tendency is known as [[Hungarism]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2017}} After the Second World War, exiles such as [[Árpád Henney]] kept the Hungarist tradition alive. Following the fall of the [[Hungarian People's Republic]] in 1989, which was a [[Marxist–Leninist]] state and a member of the [[Warsaw Pact]], many new parties emerged. Amongst these was the [[Hungarian National Front]] of [[István Győrkös]], which was a Hungarist party and considered itself the heirs of Arrow Cross-style National Socialism (a self-description they explicitly embraced).{{Citation needed|date=June 2017}} In the 2000s, Győrkös' movement moved closer to a [[National bolshevism|national bolshevist]] and [[neo-Eurasian]] position, aligned with [[Aleksandr Dugin]], cooperating with the [[Hungarian Workers' Party]]. Some Hungarists opposed this and founded the [[Pax Hungarica Movement]].

In modern Hungary, [[Jobbik]] was regarded by some scholars as a neo-Nazi party; for example, it had been termed as such by [[Randolph L. Braham]].<ref>Randolph L. Braham, "Hungary: The Assault on the Historical Memory of the Holocaust" in ''The Holocaust in Hungary: Seventy Years Later'' (eds. Randolph L. Braham & András Kovács: Central European University Press, 2016).</ref> The party denied being neo-Nazi, although "there is extensive proof that the leading members of the party made no effort to hide their racism and anti-Semitism."<ref name="Spectrum">{{cite news|url=https://hungarianspectrum.org/2013/04/08/jobbik-is-not-a-neo-nazi-party-at-least-not-according-to-a-hungarian-judge/|title=Jobbik is not a neo-Nazi party. At least not according to a Hungarian judge|work=Hungarian Spectrum|date=8 April 2013|access-date=30 August 2022|archive-date=19 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419210827/https://hungarianspectrum.org/2013/04/08/jobbik-is-not-a-neo-nazi-party-at-least-not-according-to-a-hungarian-judge/|url-status=live}}</ref> Rudolf Paksa, a scholar of the Hungarian far-right, described Jobbik as "anti-Semitic, racist, homophobic and chauvinistic" but not as neo-Nazi because it does not pursue the establishment of a totalitarian regime.<ref name="Spectrum"/> Historian [[Krisztián Ungváry]] writes that "It is safe to say that certain messages of Jobbik can be called open neo-Nazi propaganda. However, it is quite certain that the popularity of the party is not due to these statements."<ref>Krisztián Ungváry, "'One Camp, One Banner': How Fidesz Views History" in ''Twenty-Five Sides of a Post-Communist Mafia State'' (ed. Balint Magyar & Julia Vasarhelyi: Central European University Press, 2017).</ref>

However, since 2014 Jobbik has moderated into center-right pro-European conservative party according to multiple sources.<ref>multiple sources:
*[https://www.economist.com/europe/2020/10/03/a-by-election-shows-why-hungarys-opposition-struggles The Economist: "the formerly far-right, though now centre-right, Jobbik party"]
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-58949864 BBC: "the formerly far-right, now centre-right, Jobbik"] 
* [https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/10/17/political-outsider-to-stand-against-orban-in-hungarys-2022-vote Al Jazeera: "the formerly far right, now centre right, Jobbik"]
* [https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/orbans-fidesz-extends-lead-over-hungary-opposition-two-percentage-points-poll-2022-03-23/ Reuters: "the formerly far-right, now centre-right, Jobbik"]
* [https://www.ft.com/content/e7f078d6-99c3-4962-9762-9c901c45431a Financial Times: "the centre-right Jobbik party"]
* [https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/12/20/hungary-opposition-election-marki-zay-fidesz-orban/ Foreign Policy: "the center-right Jobbik"]</ref> The radical right-wing members of Jobbik disappointed with the more moderate direction defected and formed the [[Our Homeland Movement]] (MHM).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hirado.hu/belfold/belpolitika/cikk/2018/05/22/partszakadashoz-vezethet-az-ellentet-a-jobbikban |title=Pártszakadáshoz vezethet az ellentét a Jobbikban |access-date=2018-07-04 |date=2018-05-22 |publisher=Híradó.hu}}</ref> MHM has been described as neo-fascist and they have celebrated the Arrow Cross nazis of the Second World War.<ref name=ERRC/><ref name="neo-fascist">{{Cite book |last=Rogers |first=Samuel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y2QWEQAAQBAJ&dq=%22Mi+Hazank%22%22fascist%22&pg=PT7 |title=The Political Economy of Hungarian Authoritarian Populism: Capitalists without the Right Kind of Capital |date=2024-08-30 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-040-05104-7 |language=en}}</ref> In the [[2024 European Parliament election]] MHM successfully secured representation, while the moderate Jobbik party failed to gain a seat.<ref name=ERRC>{{cite web|url=https://www.errc.org/news/the-spectre-of-neo-fascism-virulent-anti-roma-racist-wins-a-seat-in-brussels-assembly|title=The Spectre of Neo-Fascism: Virulent Anti-Roma Racist Wins A Seat in Brussels Assembly|date=9 May 2025|work=[[European Roma Rights Centre]]}}</ref>