Editing Mary Magdalene (section)

===Roman Catholicism===
[[File:Erhart-madalena.jpg|thumb|upright|''[[Saint Mary Magdalene (Erhart)|Mary Magdalene]]'' by [[Gregor Erhart]] (died 1525)]]

During the [[Counter-Reformation]] and Baroque periods (late 16th and 17th centuries), the description "penitent" was added to the indication of her name on her feast day, July 22. It had not yet been added at the time of the [[Tridentine calendar]] of 1569 and is no longer found in the present [[General Roman Calendar]] but, once added, it remained until the [[General Roman Calendar of 1960]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://magdalineage.com/so.html |title=Deborah Rose, "So, Really ... Who was She?" |publisher=Magdalineage.com |access-date=August 6, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304035447/http://magdalineage.com/so.html |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Gospel (liturgy)|Gospel reading]] in the [[Tridentine Mass]] was Luke 7:36–50<ref>{{bibleverse|Luke|7:36–50}}</ref> (the sinful woman anointing the feet of Jesus), while in the present version of the [[Roman Rite]] of [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]] it is John 20:1–2, 11–18<ref>{{bibleverse|John 20:1–2, 11–18|multi=yes}}</ref> (meeting of Mary Magdalene with Jesus after his resurrection).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thecompassnews.org/compass/2007-07-20/foundations.shtml |title=Patricia Kasten, "A great saint with a big case of mistaken identity" |publisher=Thecompassnews.org |date=July 20, 2007 |access-date=August 6, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808065455/http://www.thecompassnews.org/compass/2007-07-20/foundations.shtml |archive-date=August 8, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://wwrn.org/articles/3488/?&section=general |title=John Rivera, "Restoring Mary Magdalene" in "Worldwide Religious News", ''The Baltimore Sun'', April 18, 2003 |publisher=Wwrn.org |date=April 18, 2003 |access-date=August 6, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808042949/http://wwrn.org/articles/3488/?&section=general |archive-date=August 8, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="McLaughlin">Mclaughlin, Lisa and David Van Biema. "Mary Magdalene Saint or Sinner?" [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1005391,00.html timeonline.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408160034/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1005391,00.html |date=April 8, 2008 }}, August 11, 2003. Accessed June 7, 2009</ref>

[[File:The Holy Women at the Sepulchre by Peter Paul Rubens.jpg|thumb|''The [[Three Marys]] at the Tomb'' by [[Peter Paul Rubens]], with Mary Magdalene in red]]
According to [[Darrell Bock]], the title of ''apostola apostolorum'' first appears in the 10th century,{{sfn|Bock|2004|pages=143–144}} but Katherine Ludwig Jansen says she found no reference to it earlier than the 12th century, by which time it was already commonplace.{{sfn|Jansen|2001|p=63}} She mentions in particular [[Hugh of Cluny]] (1024–1109), [[Peter Abelard]] (1079–1142), and [[Bernard of Clairvaux]] (1090–1153) among those who gave Mary Magdalene the title of ''apostolorum apostola'' (apostle of the apostles). Jane Schaberg adds [[Geoffrey of Vendôme]] ({{Circa|1065}}/70 – 1132).{{sfn|Schaberg|2004|p=88}}

The equivalent of the phrase ''apostolorum apostola'' may have appeared already in the 9th century. Chapter XXVII of the ''Life of Mary Magdalene'' attributed to [[Hrabanus Maurus]] (c. 780 – 784 February 856) is headed: ''Ubi Magdalenam Christus ad apostolos mittit apostolam'' (Wherein Christ sends Magdalene as an apostle to the apostles).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/stream/patrologiaecurs22goog#page/n742/mode/2up |title=''Patrologia Latina'', vol. 112, col. 1474B |year=1878 |publisher=Garnier fratres |access-date=August 6, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314094112/https://archive.org/stream/patrologiaecurs22goog#page/n742/mode/2up |archive-date=March 14, 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> The same chapter says she did not delay in exercising the office of apostolate with which he had been honored (''apostolatus officio quo honorata fuerat fungi non distulit'').<ref>PL 112, 1475A</ref> [[Raymond E. Brown]], commenting on this fact, remarks that Hrabanus Maurus frequently applies the word "apostle" to Mary Magdalene in this work.{{sfn|Brown|1979|p=190}} However the work is actually no earlier than the 12th century.<ref>{{cite web|date=July 22, 2014|title=Pseudo-Rabanus Maurus' Life of Mary Magdalene and her sister Martha – Magdalen College Oxford|url=https://www.magd.ox.ac.uk/libraries-and-archives/illuminating-magdalen/news/pseudo-rabanus/|access-date=December 5, 2020|work=[[Magdalen College]], [[University of Oxford]]}}</ref> Because of Mary Magdalene's position as an apostle, though not one of those who became official witnesses to the resurrection, the [[Catholic Church]] honored her by reciting the [[Gloria in excelsis Deo|Gloria]] on her feast day – the only female saint so honored apart from Mary, the mother of Jesus.{{sfn|Brown|1979|pp=189–190}} In his [[Ecclesiastical letter|apostolic letter]] ''[[Mulieris Dignitatem]]'' ("On the dignity and vocation of women", parts 67–69) dated August 15, 1988, [[Pope John Paul II]] dealt with the Easter events in relation to the women being present at the tomb after the Resurrection, in a section entitled 'First Witnesses of the Resurrection':
{{blockquote|The women ''are the first at the tomb''. They are the first to find it empty. They are the first to hear 'He is not here. ''He has risen'', as he said.'<ref>{{Bibleverse|Mt|28:6}}</ref> They are the first to embrace his feet.<ref>{{Bibleverse|Mt|28:9||cf. Mt 28:9}}</ref> The women are also the first to be called to announce this truth to the Apostles.<ref>{{Bibleverse|Mt|28:1–10}} {{Bibleverse|Lk|24:–11}}</ref> The Gospel of John<ref>cf. also {{Bibleverse|Mk|16:9}}</ref> emphasizes ''the special role of Mary Magdalene''. She is the first to meet the Risen Christ. [...] Hence she came to be called "the apostle of the Apostles". Mary Magdalene was the first eyewitness of the Risen Christ, and for this reason she was also ''the first to bear witness to him before the Apostles.'' This event, in a sense, crowns all that has been said previously about Christ entrusting divine truths to women as well as men.|John Paul II<ref>{{cite web |url=https://w2.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/apost_letters/1988/documents/hf_jp-ii_apl_15081988_mulieris-dignitatem.html |title=Mulieris Dignitatem, John Paul II, 15 August 1988 – Apostolic Letter |publisher=Vatican.va |date=August 15, 1988 |access-date=November 29, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161004121521/https://w2.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/apost_letters/1988/documents/hf_jp-ii_apl_15081988_mulieris-dignitatem.html |archive-date=October 4, 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>}} On June 10, 2016, the [[Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments]] issued a decree which elevated Mary's liturgical commemoration from an obligatory memorial to a [[Calendar of saints|feast day]], like that of most of the Apostles (Peter and Paul are jointly commemorated with a [[solemnity]]).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vaticannews.va/en/saints/07/22/st--mary-magdalene--disciple-of-the-lord-.html|title=St. Mary Magdalene, Disciple of the Lord – Information on the Saint of the Day|date=July 22, 2016|website=Vatican News|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200427135800/https://www.vaticannews.va/en/saints/07/22/st--mary-magdalene--disciple-of-the-lord-.html|archive-date=April 27, 2020|access-date=April 13, 2020}}</ref> The [[Mass (Catholic Church)|Mass]] and [[Liturgy of the Hours]] (Divine Office) remain the same as they were, except that a specific [[Preface (liturgy)|preface]] was added to the Mass to refer to her explicitly as the "Apostle to the Apostles".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/bollettino/pubblico/2016/06/10/160610b.html|title=The liturgical memory of Mary Magdalene becomes a feast, like that of the other apostles, 10.06.2016|last=Holy See Press Office|author-link=Holy See Press Office|date=June 10, 2016|website=The Holy See|access-date=June 10, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160613081120/http://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/bollettino/pubblico/2016/06/10/160610b.html|archive-date=June 13, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>