Editing Marathi language (section)

== Sharing of linguistic resources with other languages ==

[[File:Marathi sign board.JPG|thumb|Marathi neon signboard at [[Maharashtra Police]] headquarters in Mumbai.]]

Marathi is primarily influenced by [[Prakrit]], [[Maharashtri]], and [[Apabhraṃśa]]. Formal Marathi draws literary and technical vocabulary from [[Sanskrit]].<ref name="Bloch1970">{{cite book|author=J. Bloch|title=Formation of the Marathi Language|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1noaklDiSOEC&pg=PP17|year=1970|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-2322-8|pages=33,180}}</ref>
Marathi has also shared directions, vocabulary, and grammar with languages such as Indian [[Dravidian languages]].<ref name="Bloch1970"/> Over a period of many centuries, the Marathi language and people have also come into contact with foreign languages such as [[Persian language|Persian]],<ref name="iranicaonline.org"/> [[Arabic]], [[English language|English]], and European romance languages such as [[French language|French]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] and other European languages.<ref name="Bloch1970"/>

=== Dravidian Influence ===
Spoken in the historically active region of the [[Deccan Plateau]], the language has been subject to contact and mostly one-way influence with the surrounding Dravidian languages. Up to 5% of Marathi's basic vocabulary is of a Dravidian origin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Southworth |first=Franklin |date=2005 |title=Prehistoric Implications of the Dravidian element in the NIA lexicon, with special attention to Marathi. |url=https://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~fsouth/DravidianElement.pdf |journal=IJDL. International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics}}</ref> According to various scholars like Bloch (1970) and Southworth (1971), Marathi's very origins can be traced to a ''[[pidgin]]'' or a [[Substratum (linguistics)|substratum]] origin with surrounding Dravidian language.<ref>Southworth, F. C. (1971). Detecting prior creolization: an analysis of the historical origins of Marathi Franklin C. Southworth; In: ''Hymes, Dell, Pidginization and creolization of languages : proceedings of a conference held at the University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica, April 1968.''</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The formation of the Marathi language, by Jules Bloch. Translated by Dev Raj Chanana - Catalogue {{!}} National Library of Australia |url=https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/catalog/2673661 |access-date=10 June 2024 |website=catalogue.nla.gov.au |language=en}}</ref>

=== Morphology and etymology ===
{{Unreferenced section|date=April 2016}}
Spoken Marathi contains a high number of Sanskrit-derived (''[[tatsama]]'') words. {{citation needed|date=May 2016}} Such words are for example ''nantar'' (from ''nantara'' or after), ''{{IAST|pūrṇa}}'' (''{{IAST|pūrṇa}}'' or complete, full, or full measure of something), ''ola'' (''ola'' or damp), ''{{IAST|kāraṇ}}'' (''{{IAST|kāraṇa}}'' or cause), ''puṣkaḷ'' (''puṣkala'' or much, many), ''satat'' (''satata'' or always), ''vichitra'' (''vichitra'' or strange), ''svatah'' (''svatah'' or himself/herself), ''prayatna'' (''prayatna'' or effort, attempt), ''bhītī'' (from ''bhīti'', or fear) and ''bhāṇḍe'' (''bhāṇḍa'' or vessel for cooking or storing food). Other words ("[[tadbhava]]s") have undergone [[phonological change]]s from their Sanskrit roots, for example ''dār'' (''dwāra'' or door), ''ghar'' (''gṛha'' or house), ''vāgh'' (''vyāghra'' or tiger), ''paḷaṇe'' (''palāyate'' or to run away), ''kiti'' (''kati'' or how many) have undergone more modification.
Examples of words borrowed from other Indian and foreign languages include:
* ''Hawā'': "air" directly borrowed from [[Arabic language|Arabic]] ''hawa''
* ''Jamin'': "land" borrowed from [[Persian language|Persian]] ''zamin''
* ''Kaydā'': "law" borrowed from [[Arabic language|Arabic]] ''qaeda'' 
* "Mahiti" : "information" borrowed from [[Arabic language|Arabic]] "Mahiyya"
* ''Jāhirāt'': "advertisement" is derived from Arabic ''zaahiraat''
* ''Marjī'': "wish" is derived from Persian ''marzi''
* ''Shiphāras'': "recommendation" is derived from Persian ''sefaresh''
* ''Hajērī'': "attendance" from Urdu ''haziri'' 
* ''Aṇṇā'': "father", "grandfather" or "elder brother" borrowed from [[Dravidian languages]]
* ''Undir'': "rat" borrowed from [[Austroasiatic languages|Munda languages]]

A lot of English words are commonly used in conversation and are considered to be assimilated into the Marathi vocabulary. These include words like "pen" (पेन, ''pen'') and "shirt" (शर्ट, ''sharṭa'') whose native Marathi counterparts are ''lekhaṇī'' (लेखणी) and ''sadarā'' (सदरा) respectively.

===Compounds===
Marathi uses many [[Morphology (linguistics)|morphological]] processes to join words together, forming [[Compound (linguistics)|compounds]]. For example, ''ati'' + ''uttam'' gives the word ''atyuttam'', Ganesh + Utsav = Ganeshotsav, ''miith-bhaakar'' ("salt-bread"), ''udyog-patii'' ("businessman"), ''ashṭa-bhujaa'' ("eight-hands", name of a Hindu goddess).

=== Counting ===
Like many other languages, Marathi uses distinct names for the numbers 1 to 20 and each multiple of 10, and composite ones for those greater than 20.

As with other Indic languages, there are distinct names for the fractions {{frac|1|4}}, {{frac|1|2}}, and {{frac|3|4}}. They are ''pāva'', ''ardhā'', and ''pāuṇa'', respectively. For most fractions greater than 1, the prefixes ''savvā-'', ''sāḍē-'', ''pāvaṇe-'' are used. There are special names for {{frac|3|2}} (''dīḍ''), {{frac|5|2}} (''aḍīch''), and {{frac|7|2}} (''aut'').

Powers of ten are denoted by separate specific words as depicted in the table below.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Number power to 10 !! Marathi Number name<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oocities.org/bhagvatjee/vraamaayan/notesa/41numbering.htm |title=Indian Numbering System |publisher=Oocities.org |access-date=18 September 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Sushma Gupta |url=http://sushmajee.com/v-raamaayan/notes/notes-general/41-numbering.htm |title=Indian Numbering System |publisher=Sushmajee.com |access-date=18 September 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120430051359/http://www.sushmajee.com/v-raamaayan/notes/notes-general/41-numbering.htm |archive-date=30 April 2012 }}</ref>!!In [[Devanagari]]
|-
| 10<sup>0</sup>  || Eka, Ekaka || एक/एकक
|-
| 10<sup>1</sup>  || Daha, Dashaka || दहा/दशक
|-
| 10<sup>2</sup>  || Shambhara, Shataka || शंभर/शतक
|-
| 10<sup>3</sup>  || Hajara, Sahasra, || हजार/सहस्र
|-
| 10<sup>4</sup>  || Dasha Hajara, Dasha Sahasra || दशहजार/दशसहस्र
|-
| 10<sup>5</sup>  || Lakha, Laksha || लाख/लक्ष
|-
| 10<sup>6</sup>  || Daha Lakha, Dasha Laksha || दहा लाख (दशलक्ष)
|-
| 10<sup>7</sup>  || Koti || कोटी
|-
| 10<sup>8</sup>  || Dasha Koti || दशकोटी
|-
| 10<sup>9</sup>  || Abja, Arbuda || अब्ज/अर्बुद
|-
| 10<sup>10</sup> || Dasha-Abja || दशाब्ज
|-
| 10<sup>11</sup> || Vrunda || वृंद
|-
| 10<sup>12</sup> || Kharva (Kharab) || खर्व
|-
| 10<sup>13</sup> ||  Nikharva || निखर्व
|-
| 10<sup>14</sup> || Sashastra || सशस्त्र
|-
| 10<sup>15</sup> || Mahapadma, Padma || महापद्म/पद्म
|-
| 10<sup>16</sup> || Kamala || कमळ
|-
| 10<sup>17</sup> || Shanku, Shankha || शंकू/शंक
|-
| 10<sup>17</sup> || Skanda || स्कंद
|-
| 10<sup>18</sup> || Suvachya || सुवाच्य
|-
| 10<sup>19</sup> || Jaladhi, Samudra || जलधी/समुद्र
|-
| 10<sup>20</sup> || Krutya || कृत्य
|-
| 10<sup>21</sup> || Antya || अंत्य
|-
| 10<sup>22</sup> || Ajanma || आजन्म
|-
| 10<sup>23</sup> || Madhya || मध्य
|-
| 10<sup>24</sup> || Lakshmi || लक्ष्मी
|-
| 10<sup>25</sup> || Parardha || परार्ध
|}

A positive integer is read by breaking it up from the tens digit leftwards, into parts each containing two digits, the only exception being the hundreds place containing only one digit instead of two. For example, 1,234,567 is written as 12,34,567 and read as ''12 lakh 34 Hazara 5 she 67'' (१२ लाख ३४ हजार ५ शे ६७).

Every two-digit number after 18 (11 to 18 are predefined) is read backward. For example, 21 is read एक-वीस (1-twenty). Also, a two digit number that ends with a 9 is considered to be the next tens place minus one. For example, 29 is एकोणतीस (एक-उणे-तीस) (thirty minus one). Two digit numbers used before ''Hazara'' are written in the same way.