Editing Latin America (section)

=== Energy ===
As of 2023, Latin America and the Caribbean generates 60% of its electricity from [[renewable energy]] - double the global average of 30%. Despite this, fossil fuels still play a substantial role, especially in transportation and industry, with oil and gas constituting a notable portion. Approximately two-thirds of the region's [[energy mix]] comes from fossil fuels,<ref>{{Cite web |last=IEA |date=June 2024 |year=2024 |title=World Energy Investment 2024: Latin America and the Caribbean |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-investment-2024/latin-america-and-the-caribbean |access-date=2024-11-25 |website=IEA |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=IEA |date=November 2023 |year=2023 |title=Latin America Energy Outlook 2023 |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/latin-america-energy-outlook-2023/executive-summary |access-date=2024-11-25 |website=IEA |language=en-GB}}</ref> Of the region's total energy production, 43% is [[Hydroelectricity|hydroelectric]], 8% [[Wind power|wind]] and 6% is [[Solar power|solar]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ember |title=Electricity Data Explorer |url=https://ember-energy.org/data/electricity-data-explorer/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241118234806/https://ember-energy.org/data/electricity-data-explorer/ |archive-date=18 November 2024 |access-date=2024-11-25 |website=Ember |language=en-US}}</ref>

====Brazil====
{{Main|Energy policy of Brazil|Renewable energy in Brazil}}
[[File:ItaipuAerea2AAL.jpg|thumb|right|[[Itaipu Dam]] in [[Paraná (state)|Paraná]]]]
[[File:Energia Eolica.jpg|thumb|right|[[Wind power]] in [[Parnaíba]]]]
[[File:Angra dos Reis - usinas nucleares.jpg|thumb|[[Angra Nuclear Power Plant]] in [[Angra dos Reis]], [[Rio de Janeiro (state)|Rio de Janeiro]]]]
[[File:Usina solar de Pirapora 2.gif|thumb|[[Pirapora Solar Complex]], the largest in Brazil and Latin America with a capacity of 321 MW]]
The Brazilian government has undertaken an ambitious program to reduce dependence on imported petroleum. Imports previously accounted for more than 70% of the country's oil needs but Brazil became self-sufficient in oil in 2006–2007. Brazil was the 10th largest oil producer in the world in 2019, with 2.8 million barrels / day. Production manages to supply the country's demand.<ref name="eia.gov"/> In the beginning of 2020, in the production of [[Petroleum|oil]] and [[natural gas]], the country exceeded 4 million [[barrels of oil equivalent]] per day, for the first time. In January this year, 3.168 million barrels of oil per day and 138.753 million cubic meters of natural gas were extracted.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.anp.gov.br/noticias/5628-producao-de-petroleo-e-gas-no-brasil-ultrapassa-4-milhoes-de-boe-d-pela-primeira-vez|title=Produção de petróleo e gás no Brasil ultrapassa 4 milhões de boe/d pela primeira vez|website=anp.gov.br|access-date=December 5, 2020|archive-date=February 20, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220091405/http://www.anp.gov.br/noticias/5628-producao-de-petroleo-e-gas-no-brasil-ultrapassa-4-milhoes-de-boe-d-pela-primeira-vez|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Brazil is one of the main world producers of [[hydroelectricity|hydroelectric power]]. In 2019, Brazil had 217 hydroelectric plants in operation, with an installed capacity of 98,581 MW, 60.16% of the country's energy generation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cbie.com.br/artigos/quantas-usinas-geradoras-de-energia-temos-no-brasil/|title=How many power plants do we have in Brazil?|date=April 5, 2019|access-date=December 5, 2020|archive-date=October 31, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031005818/https://cbie.com.br/artigos/quantas-usinas-geradoras-de-energia-temos-no-brasil/|url-status=live}}</ref> In the total generation of electricity, in 2019 Brazil reached 170,000 megawatts of installed capacity, more than 75% from renewable sources (the majority, hydroelectric).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aneel.gov.br/sala-de-imprensa-exibicao/-/asset_publisher/XGPXSqdMFHrE/content/brasil-alcanca-170-mil-megawatts-de-capacidade-instalada-em-2019/656877?inheritRedirect=false|title=Brasil alcança 170 mil megawatts de capacidade instalada em 2019|access-date=December 5, 2020|archive-date=April 13, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413193140/https://www.aneel.gov.br/sala-de-imprensa-exibicao/-/asset_publisher/XGPXSqdMFHrE/content/brasil-alcanca-170-mil-megawatts-de-capacidade-instalada-em-2019/656877?inheritRedirect=false|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.energiaeambiente.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/IEMA-AGUA_vFinal.pdf|title=IEMA (Instituto de Energia e Meio Ambiente),2016.Série TERMOELETRICIDADE EM FOCO: Uso de água em termoelétricas|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180401075849/http://www.energiaeambiente.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/IEMA-AGUA_vFinal.pdf|archive-date=April 1, 2018}}</ref>

In 2013, the [[Southeast Region, Brazil|Southeast Region]] used about 50% of the load of the National Integrated System (SIN), being the main energy consuming region in the country. The region's installed electricity generation capacity totaled almost 42,500 MW, which represented about a third of Brazil's generation capacity. The [[hydroelectric]] generation represented 58% of the region's installed capacity, with the remaining 42% corresponding basically to the [[thermoelectric]] generation. São Paulo accounted for 40% of this capacity; Minas Gerais by about 25%; Rio de Janeiro by 13.3%; and Espírito Santo accounted for the rest. The [[South Region, Brazil|South Region]] owns the [[Itaipu Dam]], which was the largest hydroelectric plant in the world for several years, until the inauguration of [[Three Gorges Dam]] in China. It remains the second largest operating [[hydroelectric]] in the world. Brazil is the co-owner of the Itaipu Plant with [[Paraguay]]: the dam is located on the [[Paraná River]], located on the border between countries. It has an installed generation capacity of 14 [[Watt|GW]] for 20 generating units of 700 [[Watt|MW]] each. [[North Region, Brazil|North Region]] has large hydroelectric plants, such as [[Belo Monte Dam]] and [[Tucuruí Dam]], which produce much of the national energy. Brazil's hydroelectric potential has not yet been fully exploited, so the country still has the capacity to build several renewable energy plants in its territory.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://web.bndes.gov.br/bib/jspui/bitstream/1408/4401/1/O%20BNDES%20e%20a%20quest%C3%A3o%20energ%C3%A9tica%20e%20logistica%20na%20Regi%C3%A3o%20Sudeste_5_P.pdf|title=O BNDES e a questão energética e logística da Região Sudeste|access-date=December 5, 2020|archive-date=July 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200709090411/https://web.bndes.gov.br/bib/jspui/bitstream/1408/4401/1/O%20BNDES%20e%20a%20quest%c3%a3o%20energ%c3%a9tica%20e%20logistica%20na%20Regi%c3%a3o%20Sudeste_5_P.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/hybiggest.html|title=Power: World's biggest hydroelectric facility|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060519000659/http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/hybiggest.html|archive-date=May 19, 2006}}</ref>

{{As of|2022|7|url=http://www.ons.org.br/paginas/conhecimento/acervo-digital/documentos-e-publicacoes|post=,}} according to ONS, total installed capacity of [[wind power]] was 22 GW, with average [[capacity factor]] of 58%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ons.org.br/AcervoDigitalDocumentosEPublicacoes/Boletim%20Mensal%20de%20Gera%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20E%C3%B3lica%202021-02.pdf|title=Boletim Mensal de Geração Eólica Fevereiro/2021|language=pt|date=February 20, 2021|publisher=Operador Nacional do Sistema Elétrico – ONS|pages=6, 14|access-date=April 7, 2021|archive-date=April 10, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410221330/http://www.ons.org.br/AcervoDigitalDocumentosEPublicacoes/Boletim%20Mensal%20de%20Gera%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20E%C3%B3lica%202021-02.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://megawhat.energy/news/147158/eolica-supera-22-gw-em-operacao-no-brasil|title=Eólica supera 22 GW em operação no Brasil|date=July 21, 2022|publisher=Megawhar|access-date=August 2, 2022|language=pt-br|archive-date=March 15, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315014248/https://megawhat.energy/news/147158/eolica-supera-22-gw-em-operacao-no-brasil|url-status=live}}</ref> While the world average wind production capacity factors is 24.7%, there are areas in Northern Brazil, specially in Bahia State, where some wind farms record with average capacity factors over 60%;<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.brasil.gov.br/noticias/infraestrutura/2014/12/brasil-e-o-pais-com-melhor-fator-de-aproveitamento-da-energia-eolica|title=Brasil é o país com melhor fator de aproveitamento da energia eólica|work=Governo do Brasil|access-date=October 7, 2018|language=pt-BR|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007223102/http://www.brasil.gov.br/noticias/infraestrutura/2014/12/brasil-e-o-pais-com-melhor-fator-de-aproveitamento-da-energia-eolica|archive-date=October 7, 2018}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> the average capacity factor in the [[Northeast Region, Brazil|Northeast Region]] is 45% in the coast and 49% in the interior.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.epe.gov.br/sites-pt/publicacoes-dados-abertos/publicacoes/PublicacoesArquivos/publicacao-233/topico-520/Boletim_2020_Q1.pdf|title=Boletim Trimestral de Energia Eólica – Junho de 2020|language=pt-BR|publisher=[[Empresa de Pesquisa Energética]]|date=June 23, 2020|page=4|access-date=October 24, 2020|archive-date=August 11, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811053611/https://www.epe.gov.br/sites-pt/publicacoes-dados-abertos/publicacoes/PublicacoesArquivos/publicacao-233/topico-520/Boletim_2020_Q1.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2019, wind energy represented 9% of the energy generated in the country.<ref name="cbie.com.br">{{cite web|url=https://cbie.com.br/artigos/quantas-usinas-geradoras-de-energia-temos-no-brasil/|title=Quantas usinas geradoras de energia temos no Brasil?|date=April 5, 2019|access-date=December 5, 2020|archive-date=October 31, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031005818/https://cbie.com.br/artigos/quantas-usinas-geradoras-de-energia-temos-no-brasil/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2019, it was estimated that the country had an estimated wind power generation potential of around 522 GW (this, only onshore), enough energy to meet three times the country's current demand.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://revistapesquisa.fapesp.br/ventos-promissores-a-caminho/|title=Ventos promissores a caminho|access-date=December 5, 2020|archive-date=November 29, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129102108/https://revistapesquisa.fapesp.br/ventos-promissores-a-caminho/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.ctee.com.br/brazilwindpower/2016/zpublisher/materia/?url=potencial-eolico-onshore-brasileiro-pode-ser-de-880-gw-indica-estudo-20161026|title=Brazilian onshore wind potential could be 880 GW, study indicates|access-date=December 5, 2020|archive-date=August 14, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814221022/http://www2.ctee.com.br/brazilwindpower/2016/zpublisher/materia/?url=potencial-eolico-onshore-brasileiro-pode-ser-de-880-gw-indica-estudo-20161026|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2021 Brazil was the 7th country in the world in terms of installed wind power (21 GW),<ref name="RENEWABLE CAPACITY STATISTICS 2021"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2022/Apr/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2022.pdf|title=Global wind statistics|date=April 22, 2022|website=IRENA|language=en-US|access-date=April 22, 2022|archive-date=October 9, 2022|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2022/Apr/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2022.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> and the 4th largest producer of wind energy in the world (72 TWh), behind only China, USA and Germany.<ref name="auto">{{Cite journal|url=https://ourworldindata.org/renewable-energy|title=Energy|first1=Hannah|last1=Ritchie|author1-link=Hannah Ritchie|first2=Max|last2=Roser|author2-link=Max Roser|first3=Pablo|last3=Rosado|date=October 27, 2022|journal=Our World in Data|via=ourworldindata.org|access-date=October 27, 2022|archive-date=August 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804120952/https://ourworldindata.org/renewable-energy|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="RENEWABLE CAPACITY STATISTICS 2021">{{cite web|url=https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2021/Apr/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2021.pdf|title=Renewable capacity statistics 2021|access-date=April 23, 2021|archive-date=August 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827043106/https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2021/Apr/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2021.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

Nuclear energy accounts for about 4% of Brazil's electricity.<ref name=uic>{{cite web|publisher=Uranium Information Centre|url=http://www.uic.com.au/nip95.htm|title=Nuclear Power in Brazil. Briefing Paper # 95|date=May 2007|access-date=May 19, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070208105204/http://www.uic.com.au/nip95.htm|archive-date=February 8, 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> The nuclear power generation monopoly is owned by [[Eletronuclear|Eletronuclear (Eletrobrás Eletronuclear S/A)]], a wholly owned subsidiary of [[Eletrobrás]]. Nuclear energy is produced by [[List of nuclear reactors#Brazil|two reactors]] at [[Angra Nuclear Power Plant|Angra]]. It is located at the Central Nuclear Almirante Álvaro Alberto (CNAAA) on the Praia de Itaorna in [[Angra dos Reis]], [[Rio de Janeiro (state)|Rio de Janeiro]]. It consists of two [[pressurized water reactor]]s, Angra I, with capacity of 657 MW, connected to the power grid in 1982, and Angra II, with capacity of 1,350 MW, connected in 2000. A third reactor, Angra III, with a projected output of 1,350 MW, is planned to be finished.<ref name=merco>{{cite web|publisher=Mecropress|url=http://www.mercopress.com/Detalle.asp?NUM=9036|title=Brazil plans to build seven nuclear reactors|date=October 23, 2006|access-date=May 19, 2007|archive-date=February 19, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070219171559/http://www.mercopress.com/Detalle.asp?NUM=9036|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{As of|2022|10|url=http://www.ons.org.br/paginas/conhecimento/acervo-digital/documentos-e-publicacoes|post=,}} according to ONS, total installed capacity of [[photovoltaic solar]] was 21 GW, with average [[capacity factor]] of 23%.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://canalenergia.com.br/noticias/53228183/solar-atinge-21-gw-e-r-1086-bi-em-investimentos-no-brasil|title=Solar atinge 21 GW e R$ 108,6 bi em investimentos no Brasil|website=canalenergia.com.br|access-date=October 27, 2022|archive-date=April 1, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401111703/https://www.canalenergia.com.br/noticias/53228183/solar-atinge-21-gw-e-r-1086-bi-em-investimentos-no-brasil|url-status=live}}</ref> Some of the most [[Solar irradiance|irradiated]] Brazilian States are MG ("Minas Gerais"), BA ("Bahia") and GO ("Goiás"), which have indeed world [[Solar irradiance|irradiation]] level records.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://sharenergy.com.br/quais-melhores-regioes-brasil-para-geracao-de-energia-fotovoltaica/|title=Quais as melhores regiões do Brasil para geração de energia fotovoltaica? – Sharenergy|date=February 3, 2017|work=Sharenergy|access-date=October 7, 2018|language=pt-BR|archive-date=October 7, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007223213/http://sharenergy.com.br/quais-melhores-regioes-brasil-para-geracao-de-energia-fotovoltaica/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ons.org.br/AcervoDigitalDocumentosEPublicacoes/Boletim%20Mensal%20de%20Gera%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20Solar%202020-09.pdf|title=Boletim Mensal de Geração Solar Fotovoltaica Setembro/2020|language=pt|date=October 13, 2020|publisher=Operador Nacional do Sistema Elétrico – ONS|pages=6, 13|access-date=October 21, 2020|archive-date=November 2, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102012240/http://www.ons.org.br/AcervoDigitalDocumentosEPublicacoes/Boletim%20Mensal%20de%20Gera%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20Solar%202020-09.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2019, solar power represented 1.27% of the energy generated in the country.<ref name="cbie.com.br"/> In 2021, Brazil was the 14th country in the world in terms of installed solar power (13 GW),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2022/Apr/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2022.pdf|title=RENEWABLE CAPACITY STATISTICS 2022|access-date=October 27, 2022|archive-date=October 9, 2022|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2022/Apr/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2022.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> and the 11th largest producer of solar energy in the world (16.8 TWh).<ref name="auto"/>

In 2020, Brazil was the 2nd largest country in the world in the production of energy through [[biomass]] (energy production from solid biofuels and renewable waste), with 15,2 GW installed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2021/Apr/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2021.pdf|title=RENEWABLE CAPACITY STATISTICS 2021 page 41|access-date=May 24, 2021|archive-date=August 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827043106/https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2021/Apr/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2021.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Other countries====
After Brazil, [[Mexico]] is the country in Latin America that most stands out in energy production. In 2020, the country was the 14th largest petroleum producer in the world, and in 2018 it was the 12th largest exporter. In natural gas, the country was, in 2015, the 21st largest producer in the world, and in 2007 it was the 29th largest exporter. Mexico was also the world's 24th largest producer of coal in 2018. In renewable energies, in 2020, the country ranked 14th in the world in terms of installed wind energy (8.1 GW), 20th in the world in terms of installed solar energy (5.6 GW) and 19th in the world in terms of installed hydroelectric power (12.6 GW). In third place, [[Colombia]] stands out: In 2020, the country was the 20th largest petroleum producer in the world, and in 2015 it was the 19th largest exporter. In natural gas, the country was, in 2015, the 40th largest producer in the world. Colombia's biggest highlight is in coal, where the country was, in 2018, the world's 12th largest producer and the 5th largest exporter. In renewable energies, in 2020, the country ranked 45th in the world in terms of installed wind energy (0.5 GW), 76th in the world in terms of installed solar energy (0.1 GW) and 20th in the world in terms of installed hydroelectric power (12.6 GW).

[[Venezuela]], which was one of the world's largest oil producers (about 2.5 million barrels/day in 2015) and one of the largest exporters, due to its political problems, has had its production drastically reduced in recent years: in 2016, it dropped to 2.2 million, in 2017 to 2 million, in 2018 to 1.4 million and in 2019 to 877 thousand, reaching only 300,000 barrels/day at a given point. The country also stands out in hydroelectricity, where it was the 14th country in the world in terms of installed capacity in 2020 (16,5 GW).
[[File:Torre YPF.JPG|thumb|[[YPF]] [[Repsol-YPF Tower|headquarters]] in Buenos Aires, Argentina.]]
[[Argentina]] was, in 2017, the 18th largest producer in the world, and the largest producer in Latin America, of natural gas, in addition to being the 28th largest oil producer; although the country has the Vaca Muerta field, which holds close to 16 billion barrels of technically recoverable shale oil, and is the second largest shale natural gas deposit in the world, the country lacks the capacity to exploit the deposit: it is necessary capital, technology and knowledge that can only come from offshore energy companies, who view Argentina and its erratic economic policies with considerable suspicion, not wanting to invest in the country. In renewable energies, in 2020, the country ranked 27th in the world in terms of installed wind energy (2.6 GW), 42nd in the world in terms of installed solar energy (0.7 GW) and 21st in the world in terms of installed hydroelectric power (11.3 GW). The country has great future potential for the production of wind energy in the Patagonia region. [[Chile]], although currently not a major energy producer, has great future potential for solar energy production in the Atacama Desert region.

[[Paraguay]] stands out today in hydroelectric production thanks to the Itaipu Power Plant. [[Trinidad and Tobago]] and [[Bolivia]] stand out in the production of natural gas, where they were, respectively, the 20th and 31st largest in the world in 2015. [[Ecuador]], because it consumes little energy, is part of OPEC and was the 27th largest oil producer in the world in 2020, being the 22nd largest exporter in 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eia.gov/international/data/world/petroleum-and-other-liquids/annual-petroleum-and-other-liquids-production|title=Annual production of oil and other liquids|access-date=December 5, 2020|archive-date=June 27, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627013533/https://www.eia.gov/international/data/world/petroleum-and-other-liquids/annual-petroleum-and-other-liquids-production|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/KeyWorld2014.pdf IEA. Key World Energy Statistics 2014. Natural Gas.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021020232/http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/KeyWorld2014.pdf |date=October 21, 2014 }} Access date – January 17, 2021</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2249rank.|title=html CIA. The World Factbook. Natural gas – production.}}{{dead link|date=July 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref name="bp.com"/><ref name="RENEWABLE CAPACITY STATISTICS 2021"/>