Editing Ion thruster (section)

==== In deep space ====
===== Deep Space 1 =====
[[NASA]] developed the [[NASA Solar Technology Application Readiness|NSTAR]] ion engine for use in interplanetary science missions beginning in the late 1990s. It was space-tested in the space probe ''[[Deep Space 1]]'', launched in 1998. This was the first use of electric propulsion as the interplanetary propulsion system on a science mission.<ref name="Sovey"/> Based on the NASA design criteria, [[HRL Laboratories|Hughes Research Labs]] developed the [[Gridded ion thruster|Xenon Ion Propulsion System]] (XIPS) for performing [[orbital station-keeping|station keeping]] on [[geosynchronous satellite]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Rawlin |first=V. K. |author2=Patterson |first2=M. J/ |author3=Gruber |first3=R. P. |date=1990 |title=Xenon Ion Propulsion for Orbit Transfer |url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19910002485/downloads/19910002485.pdf |url-status=live |journal=NASA Technical Memorandum 103193 |issue=AIAA-90-2527 |page=5 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19910002485/downloads/19910002485.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |access-date=25 January 2022}}</ref> [[L3Harris Electron Devices|Hughes (EDD)]] manufactured the NSTAR thruster used on the spacecraft.

===== Hayabusa and Hayabusa2 =====
The [[JAXA|Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency's]] [[Hayabusa (spacecraft)|''Hayabusa'']] space probe was launched in 2003 and rendezvoused with the asteroid [[25143 Itokawa]]. It was powered by four xenon ion engines, which used microwave [[electron cyclotron resonance]] to ionize the propellant and an erosion-resistant carbon/carbon-composite material for its acceleration grid.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ep.isas.ac.jp/muses-c/|title=小惑星探査機はやぶさ搭載イオンエンジン (Ion Engines used on Asteroid Probe Hayabusa)|access-date=2006-10-13|publisher=ISAS |language=ja|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060819093452/http://www.ep.isas.ac.jp/muses-c/|archive-date=2006-08-19}}</ref> Although the ion engines on ''Hayabusa'' experienced technical difficulties, in-flight reconfiguration allowed one of the four engines to be repaired and allowed the mission to successfully return to Earth.<ref>{{cite news|first=Hiroko |last=Tabuchi |author-link=Hiroko Tabuchi |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/02/business/global/02space.html |title=Faulty Space Probe Seen as Test of Japan's Expertise |newspaper=The New York Times |date=1 July 2010}}</ref>

[[Hayabusa2]], launched in 2014, was based on Hayabusa. It also used ion thrusters.<ref>Nishiyama, Kazutaka; Hosoda, Satoshi; Tsukizaki, Ryudo; Kuninaka, Hitoshi. [https://jaxa.repo.nii.ac.jp/?action=repository_uri&item_id=15670&file_id=31&file_no=1 Operation Status of Ion Engines of Asteroid Explorer Hayabusa2], [[JAXA]], January 2017.</ref>

===== Smart 1 =====
The [[European Space Agency]]'s satellite ''[[SMART-1]]'' launched in 2003 using a [[Safran Aircraft Engines|Snecma]] [[PPS-1350]]-G Hall thruster to get from [[Geostationary transfer orbit|GTO]] to lunar orbit. This satellite completed its mission on 3 September 2006, in a controlled collision on the [[Moon]]'s surface, after a trajectory deviation so scientists could see the 3-meter crater the impact created on the visible side of the Moon.

===== Dawn =====
[[Dawn (spacecraft)|''Dawn'']] launched on 27 September 2007, to explore the asteroid [[4 Vesta|Vesta]] and the dwarf planet [[Ceres (dwarf planet)|Ceres]]. It used three ''[[Deep Space 1]]'' heritage xenon ion thrusters (firing one at a time). ''Dawn''{{'s}} ion drive is capable of accelerating from 0 to {{cvt|97|km/h}} in 4 days of continuous firing.<ref>[http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/features.cfm?feature=1468 The Prius of Space] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605015515/http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/features.cfm?feature=1468 |date=5 June 2011 }}, 13 September 2007, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory {{PD-notice}}</ref> The mission ended on 1 November 2018, when the spacecraft ran out of [[hydrazine]] chemical propellant for its attitude thrusters.<ref name="DawnEOM">{{cite web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-s-dawn-mission-to-asteroid-belt-comes-to-end|title=NASA's Dawn Mission to Asteroid Belt Comes to End|date=1 November 2018 |publisher=NASA}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>