Editing Intelligence quotient (section)

===Crime===
The American Psychological Association's 1995 report ''Intelligence: Knowns and Unknowns'' stated that the [[correlates of crime#Psychological traits|correlation between IQ and crime]] was −0.2. This association is generally regarded as small and prone to disappearance or a substantial reduction after controlling for the proper covariates, being much smaller than typical sociological correlates.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cullen |first1=Francis T. |last2=Gendreau |first2=Paul |last3=Jarjoura |first3=G. Roger |last4=Wright |first4=John Paul |title=Crime and the Bell Curve: Lessons from Intelligent Criminology |journal=Crime & Delinquency |date=October 1997 |volume=43 |issue=4 |pages=387–411 |doi=10.1177/0011128797043004001 |s2cid=145418972}}</ref> It was −0.19 between IQ scores and the number of juvenile offenses in a large Danish sample; with social class controlled for, the correlation dropped to −0.17. A correlation of 0.20 means that the [[explained variance]] accounts for 4% of the total variance. The causal links between psychometric ability and social outcomes may be indirect. Children with poor scholastic performance may feel alienated. Consequently, they may be more likely to engage in delinquent behavior, compared to other children who do well.{{sfn|Neisser et al.|1995}}

In his book ''[[The g Factor: The Science of Mental Ability|The g Factor]]'' (1998), [[Arthur Jensen]] cited data which showed that, regardless of race, people with IQs between 70 and 90 have higher crime rates than people with IQs below or above this range, with the peak range being between 80 and 90.

The 2009 ''Handbook of Crime Correlates'' stated that reviews have found that around eight IQ points, or 0.5 SD, separate criminals from the general population, especially for persistent serious offenders. It has been suggested that this simply reflects that "only dumb ones get caught" but there is similarly a negative relation between IQ and self-reported offending. That children with [[conduct disorder]] have lower IQ than their peers "strongly argues" for the theory.<ref>''Handbook of Crime Correlates''; Lee Ellis, Kevin M. Beaver, John Wright; 2009; Academic Press</ref>

A study of the relationship between US county-level IQ and US county-level crime rates found that higher average IQs were very weakly associated with lower levels of property crime, burglary, larceny rate, motor vehicle theft, violent crime, robbery, and aggravated assault. These results were "not confounded by a measure of concentrated disadvantage that captures the effects of race, poverty, and other social disadvantages of the county."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Beaver |first1=Kevin M. |last2=Schwartz |first2=Joseph A. |last3=Nedelec |first3=Joseph L. |last4=Connolly |first4=Eric J. |last5=Boutwell |first5=Brian B. |last6=Barnes |first6=J.C. |title=Intelligence is associated with criminal justice processing: Arrest through incarceration |journal=Intelligence |date=September 2013 |volume=41 |issue=5 |pages=277–288 |doi=10.1016/j.intell.2013.05.001}}</ref> However, this study is limited in that it extrapolated Add Health estimates to the respondent's counties, and as the dataset was not designed to be representative on the state or county level, it may not be generalizable.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Beaver |first1=Kevin M. |last2=Wright |first2=John Paul |title=The association between county-level IQ and county-level crime rates |journal=Intelligence |date=January 2011 |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=22–26 |doi=10.1016/j.intell.2010.12.002}}</ref>

It has also been shown that the effect of IQ is heavily dependent on socioeconomic status and that it cannot be easily controlled away, with many methodological considerations being at play.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mears |first1=Daniel P. |last2=Cochran |first2=Joshua C. |title=What is the effect of IQ on offending? |journal=Criminal Justice and Behavior |date=November 2013 |volume=40 |issue=11 |pages=1280–1300 |doi=10.1177/0093854813485736 |s2cid=147219554}}</ref> Indeed, there is evidence that the small relationship is mediated by well-being, substance abuse, and other confounding factors that prohibit simple causal interpretation.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Freeman |first1=James |title=The relationship between lower intelligence, crime and custodial outcomes: a brief literary review of a vulnerable group |journal=Vulnerable Groups & Inclusion |date=January 2012 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=14834 |doi=10.3402/vgi.v3i0.14834 |s2cid=145305072|doi-access=free }}</ref> A recent meta-analysis has shown that the relationship is only observed in higher risk populations such as those in poverty without direct effect, but without any causal interpretation.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ttofi |first1=Maria M. |last2=Farrington |first2=David P. |last3=Piquero |first3=Alex R. |last4=Lösel |first4=Friedrich |last5=DeLisi |first5=Matthew |last6=Murray |first6=Joseph |title=Intelligence as a protective factor against offending: A meta-analytic review of prospective longitudinal studies |journal=Journal of Criminal Justice |date=1 June 2016 |volume=45 |pages=4–18 |doi=10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2016.02.003}}</ref> A nationally representative longitudinal study has shown that this relationship is entirely mediated by school performance.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=McGloin |first1=Jean Marie |last2=Pratt |first2=Travis C. |last3=Maahs |first3=Jeff |title=Rethinking the IQ-delinquency relationship: A longitudinal analysis of multiple theoretical models |journal=Justice Quarterly |date=1 September 2004 |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=603–635 |doi=10.1080/07418820400095921 |s2cid=143305924}}</ref>