Editing Human intelligence (section)

=== Insufficiency of measurement via IQ ===
{{Excerpt|Intelligence quotient|Validity as a measure of intelligence}}
A study suggested that intelligence is composed of distinct cognitive systems, each of which having its own capacity and being (to some degree) independent of other components, with the cognitive profile being emergent from [[neuroanatomy|anatomically]] distinct cognitive systems (such as brain regions or neural networks).<ref>{{cite news |title=IQ scores not accurate marker of intelligence, study shows |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/iq-scores-not-accurate-marker-of-intelligence-study-shows/ |access-date=7 November 2022 |work=CBS News}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hampshire |first1=Adam |last2=Highfield |first2=Roger R. |last3=Parkin |first3=Beth L. |last4=Owen |first4=Adrian M. |title=Fractionating Human Intelligence |journal=Neuron |date=20 December 2012 |volume=76 |issue=6 |pages=1225–1237 |doi=10.1016/j.neuron.2012.06.022 |pmid=23259956 |s2cid=1536350 |language=en |issn=0896-6273|doi-access=free }}</ref> For example, IQ and reading-/language-related traits/[[skill]]s appear to be [[Genetic correlation|influenced]] "at least partly [by] distinct genetic factors".<ref>{{cite news |title=Massive genome study informs the biology of reading and language |url=https://medicalxpress.com/news/2022-08-massive-genome-biology-language.html |access-date=18 September 2022 |work=[[Max Planck Society]] via medicalxpress.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Eising |first1=Else |last2=Mirza-Schreiber |first2=Nazanin |last3=de Zeeuw |first3=Eveline L. |last4=Wang |first4=Carol A. |last5=Truong |first5=Dongnhu T. |last6=Allegrini |first6=Andrea G. |last7=Shapland |first7=Chin Yang |last8=Zhu |first8=Gu |last9=Wigg |first9=Karen G. |last10=Gerritse |first10=Margot L. |display-authors=et al. |title=Genome-wide analyses of individual differences in quantitatively assessed reading- and language-related skills in up to 34,000 people |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=30 August 2022 |volume=119 |issue=35 |pages=e2202764119 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2202764119 |pmid=35998220 |pmc=9436320 |bibcode=2022PNAS..11902764E |language=en |issn=0027-8424|doi-access=free}}</ref>

Various types of potential measures related to some definitions of intelligence but not part of IQ measurement include:
* [[Cognitive flexibility]] – abilities in switching between different concepts, or to adapt behaviour in novel or changing environments<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sahakian |first1=Barbara Jacquelyn |last2=Langley |first2=Christelle |last3=Leong |first3=Victoria |title=IQ tests can't measure it, but 'cognitive flexibility' is key to learning and creativity |url=https://theconversation.com/iq-tests-cant-measure-it-but-cognitive-flexibility-is-key-to-learning-and-creativity-163284 |website=The Conversation |date=23 June 2021 |access-date=7 November 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Moral intelligence]]<ref name="Gardner">{{cite web |last1=Gardner |first1=Howard |title=Who Owns Intelligence? |url=http://arowe.pbworks.com/w/file/fetch/51366150/Who%20Owns%20Intelligence.pdf |access-date=7 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bartlett |first1=Steven James |title=Epistemological Intelligence |date=2017 |url=https://philarchive.org/archive/BAREI-4 |access-date=7 November 2022}}</ref>
* [[Prioritization]] and goal-selection
* Direct measures of brain activity<ref name="Gardner"/> and other [[neuroimaging intelligence testing]] – partly investigated in the [[Neuroscience and intelligence|neuroscience of intelligence]]