Editing Homage to Catalonia (section)

==Aftermath==
Within weeks of leaving Spain, a deposition (discovered in 1989<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=Low |first=Robert |date=1989-11-19 |title=1937 DOCUMENT REVEALS DANGERS ORWELL FACED IN SPANISH CIVIL WAR |url=https://www.deseret.com/1989/11/19/18833104/1937-document-reveals-dangers-orwell-faced-in-spanish-civil-war |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017230056/https://www.deseret.com/1989/11/19/18833104/1937-document-reveals-dangers-orwell-faced-in-spanish-civil-war |archive-date=17 October 2021 |access-date=2021-10-17 |website=Deseret News |language=en}}</ref>) was presented to the Tribunal for Espionage & High Treason, Valencia, charging the Orwells with 'rabid Trotskyism' and being agents of the POUM.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Orwell|first=George|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t8nyAAAAMAAJ|title=The Complete Works of George Orwell: Facing unpleasant facts, 1937-1939|date=1998|publisher=Secker & Warburg|isbn=978-0-436-20377-0|pages=31|language=en|access-date=17 October 2021|archive-date=16 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316070026/https://books.google.com/books?id=t8nyAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto"/> The trial of the leaders of the POUM and of Orwell (in his absence) took place in Barcelona, in October and November 1938. Observing events from [[French Morocco]], Orwell wrote that they were "only a by-product of the [[Moscow Trials|Russian Trotskyist trials]] and from the start every kind of lie, including flagrant absurdities, has been circulated in the Communist press."<ref>''Facing Unpleasant Facts'', pp. 31, 224.</ref>

[[Georges Kopp]], deemed "quite likely" shot in the book's final chapter, was released in December 1938.

Barcelona fell to Franco's forces on 26 January 1939,<ref>{{cite news|date=22 July 2012|title=Barcelona and the Spanish civil war|page=58|newspaper=The Observer|url=https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2012/jul/22/barcelona-spanish-civil-war-travel|access-date=17 December 2016|archive-date=2 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202104137/https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2012/jul/22/barcelona-spanish-civil-war-travel|url-status=live}}</ref> and on 1 April 1939, the last of the Republican forces surrendered.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Derby|first=Mark|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/658985037|title=Kiwi Compañeros: New Zealand and the Spanish Civil War|date=2009|isbn=978-1-927145-15-9|location=Christchurch, New Zealand|pages=28|oclc=658985037|access-date=1 November 2021|archive-date=16 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316070019/https://www.worldcat.org/title/kiwi-companeros-new-zealand-and-the-spanish-civil-war/oclc/658985037|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Effect on Orwell ===

==== Health ====
Orwell never knew the source of his tuberculosis, from complications of which he died in 1950. However, in 2018, researchers studying bacteria on his letters announced that there was a "very high probability" that Orwell contracted the disease in a Spanish hospital.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-07-31|title=Traces on George Orwell letter suggest he caught TB from Spanish hospital|url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/jul/31/traces-on-george-orwell-letter-suggest-he-caught-tb-from-spanish-hospital|access-date=2021-10-17|website=The Guardian|language=en|archive-date=19 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019055651/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/jul/31/traces-on-george-orwell-letter-suggest-he-caught-tb-from-spanish-hospital|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Politics ====
Orwell reflected that he "had ''felt'' what socialism could be like"<ref>''The World of George Orwell'', p.72 [[Weidenfeld & Nicolson]], 1971</ref> and, according to biographer [[Gordon Bowker (writer)|Gordon Bowker]], "Orwell never did abandon his socialism: if anything, his Spanish experience strengthened it."{{Sfn|Bowker|2004|p=224}} In a letter to [[Cyril Connolly]], written on 8 June 1937, Orwell said, "At last [I] really believe in Socialism, which I never did before".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Das |first1=Satyabrata |title=George Orwell: The Man who Saw Tomorrow |date=1996 |language=en |isbn=978-81-7156-435-4 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist |page=32 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U3hbtomlTIIC&pg=PA32 |access-date=1 November 2021 |archive-date=1 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101002955/https://books.google.com/books?id=U3hbtomlTIIC&pg=PA32 |url-status=live }}</ref> A decade later he wrote: "Every line of serious work that I have written since 1936 has been written, directly or indirectly, ''against'' totalitarianism and ''for'' democratic Socialism, as I understand it."<ref name="RoddenRodden2007">{{cite book|last1=Rodden|first1=John|title=The Cambridge Companion to George Orwell|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x8-fnamQuUkC&pg=PA133|year=2007|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-67507-9|page=133|access-date=1 January 2021|archive-date=21 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121012334/https://books.google.com/books?id=x8-fnamQuUkC&pg=PA133|url-status=live}}</ref>

Orwell's experiences, culminating in his and his wife [[Eileen O'Shaughnessy]]'s narrow escape from the communist purges in Barcelona in June 1937,<ref name="newsinger" /> greatly increased his sympathy for the POUM and, while not affecting his moral and political commitment to socialism, made him a lifelong anti-Stalinist.

After reviewing Koestler's bestselling ''[[Darkness at Noon]]'', Orwell decided that fiction was the best way to describe totalitarianism. He soon wrote ''Animal Farm'', "his scintillating 1944 satire on Stalinism".<ref>[[Paul Foot (journalist)|Foot, Paul]], ''Articles of Resistance'', p. 92.</ref><ref name="dalrymple20190824">{{Cite magazine |last=Dalrymple |first=William |author-link=William Dalrymple (historian) |title=Novel explosives of the Cold War |url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/2019/08/novel-explosives-of-the-cold-war/ |magazine=The Spectator |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826033137/https://www.spectator.co.uk/2019/08/novel-explosives-of-the-cold-war/ |archive-date=2019-08-26 }} [https://outline.com/X9SnJv Alt URL] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190827041148/https://outline.com/X9SnJv |date=27 August 2019 }}</ref>

=== Works inspired by the book ===
[[File:Placegeorgeorwell.jpg|thumb|right|180px|In 1996 a public square in Barcelona was named after Orwell.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2008-06-15|title=Big Brother is watching you, George Orwell|url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2008/jun/16/bigbrotheriswatchingyouge|access-date=2021-10-17|website=The Guardian|language=en|archive-date=19 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019135725/https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2008/jun/16/bigbrotheriswatchingyouge|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=George Orwell ya tiene plaza|url=http://hemeroteca-paginas.lavanguardia.com/LVE01/PUB/1996/03/02/REV19960302-004.pdf|access-date=17 October 2021|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304200353/http://hemeroteca-paginas.lavanguardia.com/LVE01/PUB/1996/03/02/REV19960302-004.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>]]Orwell himself went on to write a poem about the Italian militiaman he described in the book's opening pages. The poem was included in Orwell's 1942 essay "Looking Back on the Spanish War", published in ''[[Wrey Gardiner#New Road|New Road]]'' in 1943.<ref>[http://georgeorwellnovels.com/poems/the-crystal-spirit/ "The Crystal Spirit"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407084607/http://georgeorwellnovels.com/poems/the-crystal-spirit/|date=7 April 2014}} George Orwell Novels. Retrieved 19 August 2013.</ref> The closing phrase of the poem, "No bomb that ever burst shatters the crystal spirit", was later taken by [[George Woodcock]] for the title of his [[1966 Governor General's Awards|Governor General's Award]]-winning critical study of Orwell and his work, ''The Crystal Spirit'' (1966).<ref name="matt">Hiebert, Matt. [http://hpcanpub.mcmaster.ca/case-study/canada-and-abroad-diverse-publishing-career-george-woodcock "In Canada and Abroad: The Diverse Publishing Career of George Woodcock".] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130819135113/http://hpcanpub.mcmaster.ca/case-study/canada-and-abroad-diverse-publishing-career-george-woodcock|date=19 August 2013}} Retrieved 19 August 2013.</ref>

In 1995 [[Ken Loach]] released the film ''[[Land and Freedom (film)|Land and Freedom]]'', heavily inspired by ''Homage to Catalonia''.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-09-15|title=Orwell's Homage to Catalonia revisited|url=https://albavolunteer.org/2013/09/differing-views-on-orwell-at-len-crome-memorial-event/|access-date=2021-10-17|website=The Volunteer|language=en-US|archive-date=17 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017230058/https://albavolunteer.org/2013/09/differing-views-on-orwell-at-len-crome-memorial-event/|url-status=live}}</ref>

''Homage to Catalonia'' influenced [[Rebecca Solnit]]'s second book, ''[[Savage Dreams (book)|Savage Dreams]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Solnit |first1=Rebecca |title='Every time you commit an antisocial act, push an acorn into the ground': Rebecca Solnit on Orwell's lessons from nature |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=2021-10-16 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2021/oct/16/every-time-you-commit-an-antisocial-act-push-an-acorn-into-the-ground-rebecca-solnit-on-orwells-lessons-from-nature |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |access-date=1 November 2021 |archive-date=31 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031132638/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2021/oct/16/every-time-you-commit-an-antisocial-act-push-an-acorn-into-the-ground-rebecca-solnit-on-orwells-lessons-from-nature |url-status=live }}</ref>