Editing History of Scotland (section)

===Intellectual life===
[[File:Sir Henry Raeburn - Portrait of Sir Walter Scott.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|[[Walter Scott]], whose [[Waverley Novels]] helped define Scottish identity in the 19th century]]
While the Scottish Enlightenment is traditionally considered to have concluded toward the end of the 18th century,<ref name="Magnusson" /> disproportionately large Scottish contributions to British science and letters continued for another 50 years or more, thanks to such figures as the mathematicians and physicists [[James Clerk Maxwell]], [[Lord Kelvin]], and the engineers and inventors [[James Watt]] and [[William Murdoch]], whose work was critical to the technological developments of the Industrial Revolution throughout Britain.<ref>E. Wills, ''Scottish Firsts: a Celebration of Innovation and Achievement'' (Edinburgh: Mainstream, 2002).</ref>

In literature the most successful figure of the mid-nineteenth century was [[Walter Scott]], who began as a poet and also collected and published Scottish ballads. His first prose work, [[Waverley (novel)|Waverley]] in 1814, is often called the first historical novel.<ref>{{Citation |last=K. S. Whetter |title=Understanding Genre and Medieval Romance |page=28 |year=2008 |publisher=Ashgate}}</ref> It launched a highly successful career that probably more than any other helped define and popularise Scottish cultural identity.<ref>{{Citation |last=N. Davidson |title=The Origins of Scottish Nationhood |page=136 |year=2000 |publisher=Pluto Press}}</ref> In the late 19th century, a number of Scottish-born authors achieved international reputations. [[Robert Louis Stevenson]]'s work included the [[urban Gothic]] novella ''[[Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde]]'' (1886), and played a major part in developing the historical adventure in books like ''[[Kidnapped (novel)|Kidnapped]]'' and ''[[Treasure Island]]''. [[Arthur Conan Doyle]]'s ''[[Sherlock Holmes]]'' stories helped found the tradition of detective fiction. The "[[Kailyard school|kailyard tradition]]" at the end of the century, brought elements of fantasy and [[folklore]] back into fashion as can be seen in the work of figures like [[J. M. Barrie]], most famous for his creation of [[Peter Pan]], and [[George MacDonald]], whose works, including ''[[Phantasies]]'', played a major part in the creation of the fantasy genre.<ref>{{Citation |title=Cultural Profile: 19th and early 20th century developments |url=http://www.culturalprofiles.net/scotland/Directories/Scotland_Cultural_Profile/-5402.html |work=Visiting Arts: Scotland: Cultural Profile |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930034445/http://www.culturalprofiles.net/scotland/Directories/Scotland_Cultural_Profile/-5402.html |archive-date=30 September 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Scotland also played a major part in the development of art and architecture. The [[Glasgow School]], which developed in the late 19th century, and flourished in the early 20th century, produced a distinctive blend of influences including the [[Celtic Revival]] the [[Arts and Crafts Movement]], and [[Japonisme]], which found favour throughout the [[modern art]] world of continental Europe and helped define the [[Art Nouveau]] style. Among the most prominent members were the loose collective of The Four: acclaimed architect [[Charles Rennie Mackintosh]], his wife the painter and [[glass artist]] [[Margaret MacDonald (artist)|Margaret MacDonald]], her sister the artist [[Frances MacDonald|Frances]], and her husband, the artist and teacher [[Herbert MacNair]].<ref>Stephan Tschudi-Madsen, ''The Art Nouveau Style: a Comprehensive Guide'' (Courier Dover, 2002), pp. 283–284.</ref>