Editing History of Poland (section)

====The Congress of Vienna====

After Napoleon's defeat, a new European order was established at the [[Congress of Vienna]], which met in the years 1814 and 1815. [[Adam Jerzy Czartoryski]], a former close associate of Emperor Alexander I, became the leading advocate for the [[Polish question|Polish national cause]]. The Congress implemented a new partition scheme, which took into account some of the gains realized by the Poles during the Napoleonic period.

The Duchy of Warsaw was replaced in 1815 with a new Kingdom of Poland, unofficially known as [[Congress Poland]].<ref name="playground II xxi"/> The residual Polish kingdom was joined to the [[Russian Empire]] in a [[personal union]] under the Russian [[tsar]] and it was allowed [[Constitution of the Kingdom of Poland|its own constitution]] and [[Army of Congress Poland|military]]. East of the kingdom, large areas of the former Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth remained directly incorporated into the Russian Empire as the [[Western Krai]]. These territories, along with Congress Poland, are generally considered to form the [[Russian Partition]]. The Russian, Prussian, and Austrian "partitions" are informal names for the lands of the former Commonwealth, not actual units of [[administrative division of Polish–Lithuanian territories after partitions]].<ref name="Gierowski 147–181">{{Harvnb|Gierowski|1986b|pp=147–181}}.</ref> The [[Prussian Partition]] included a portion separated as the [[Grand Duchy of Posen]].<ref name="playground II xxi"/> Peasants under the Prussian administration were gradually [[Suffrage|enfranchised]] under the reforms of 1811 and 1823. The limited legal reforms in the [[Austrian Partition]] were overshadowed by [[Poverty in Austrian Galicia|its rural poverty]]. The [[Free City of Cracow]] was a tiny republic created by the Congress of Vienna under the joint supervision of the three partitioning powers.<ref name="playground II xxi"/> Despite the bleak political situation (from the standpoint of Polish patriots), economic progress was made in the lands taken over by foreign powers because the period after the Congress of Vienna witnessed a significant development in the building of early industry.<ref name="Gierowski 147–181"/>

Economic historians have made new estimates on GDP per capita, 1790–1910. They confirm the hypothesis of semi-peripheral development of Polish territories in the 19th century and the slow process of catching-up with the core economies.<ref>Maciej Bukowski, et al. "Urbanization and GDP per capita: New data and results for the Polish lands, 1790–1910." ''Historical Methods: A Journal of Quantitative and Interdisciplinary History'' 52.4 (2019): 213-227.</ref>