Editing History of Morocco (section)

==European influence (c. 1830 – 1956)==
{{See also|Scramble for Africa}}[[File:North Africa (XIX century).jpg|thumb|The Maghreb in the second half of the 19th century]]
[[File:Morocco Fez Embroidery Horse Cover.JPG|thumb|Moroccan [[fly mask]] embroidery]]
The successful Portuguese efforts to control the [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] coast in the 15th century did not affect the interior of Morocco. After the [[Napoleonic Wars]], North Africa became increasingly ungovernable from [[Istanbul]] by the [[Ottoman Empire]]. As a result, it became the resort of pirates under local [[bey]]s. The Maghreb also had far greater known wealth than the rest of Africa, and its location near the entrance to the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]] gave it strategic importance. France showed a strong interest in Morocco as early as 1830.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Flournoy |first1=F. R. |title=Political Relations of Great Britain with Morocco, From 1830 to 1841 |journal=Political Science Quarterly |date=March 1932 |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=27–56 |doi=10.2307/2142701 |jstor=2142701 }}</ref> The Alawi dynasty succeeded in maintaining the independence of Morocco in the 18th and 19th centuries, in the face of [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] and European encroachment.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Barnett |first=Vincent |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l6BeBAAAQBAJ&dq=alaouite+dynasty+succeeded+in+maintaining+the+independence+of+Morocco&pg=PA229 |title=Routledge Handbook of the History of Global Economic Thought |date=2014-08-27 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-64412-5 |language=en}}</ref>

In 1844, after the French [[French conquest of Algeria|conquered Algeria]], the [[Franco-Moroccan War]] took place, with the [[bombardment of Tangiers]], the [[Battle of Isly]], and the [[bombardment of Mogador]].

In 1856, Sultan [[Abd al-Rahman of Morocco|Abd al-Rahman's]] Makhzen signed the [[Anglo-Moroccan Treaty of 1856|Anglo-Moroccan treaty]], which was negotiated with the British diplomat [[John Hay Drummond Hay]]. The treaty granted several rights to British subjects in Morocco, and lowered Moroccan customs tariffs to 10%.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eudocs.lib.byu.edu/index.php/General_Treaty_Between_Her_Majesty_and_the_Sultan_of_Morocco|title=General Treaty Between Her Majesty and the Sultan of Morocco – EuroDocs|website=eudocs.lib.byu.edu|access-date=5 March 2020}}</ref> The treaty prolonged Moroccan independence while opening up the country to foreign trade, along with reducing the [[Makhzen]]'s control over the [[Economy of Morocco|Moroccan economy]].<ref name=":32">{{Cite book|last=Miller, Susan Gilson.|title=A history of modern Morocco|date=2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-62469-5|location=New York|oclc=855022840}}</ref>

The [[Hispano-Moroccan War (1859–60)|Hispano-Moroccan War]] took place from 1859 to 1860, and the subsequent [[Treaty of Wad Ras]] led the Moroccan government to take a massive [[1861 British loan to Morocco|British loan]] larger than its national reserves to pay off its [[War reparations|war debt]] to Spain.<ref name=":32"/>

In the mid 19th century, [[Moroccan Jews]] started migrating from the interior to coastal cities such as [[Essaouira]], [[Mazagan]], [[Asfi]], and later [[Casablanca]] for economic opportunity, participating in trade with Europeans and the development of those cities.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gottreich, Emily R.|title=Jewish space in the Moroccan city : a history of the mellah of Marrakech, 1550–1930|pages=54|oclc=77066581}}</ref> The [[Alliance Israélite Universelle]] opened its first school in [[Tétouan|Tetuan]] in 1862.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rodrigue|first=Aron|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3NatkG7sGCkC&q=alliance+1862+morocco+school&pg=PA125|title=Jews and Muslims: Images of Sephardi and Eastern Jewries in Modern Times|date=2003|publisher=University of Washington Press|isbn=978-0-295-98314-1|language=en}}</ref>

In the latter part of the 19th century Morocco's instability resulted in European countries intervening to protect investments and to demand economic concessions. Sultan [[Hassan I of Morocco|Hassan I]] called for the [[Treaty of Madrid (1880)|Madrid Conference]] of 1880 in response to France and Spain's abuse of the [[Protégé system|''protégé'' system]], but the result was an increased European presence in Morocco—in the form of advisors, doctors, businessmen, adventurers, and even missionaries.<ref name=":32"/>

More than half of the Makhzen's expenditures went abroad to pay [[War reparations|war indemnities]] and buy weapons, military equipment, and manufactured goods.<ref name=":32" /> From 1902 to 1909, Morocco's [[Balance of trade|trade deficit]] increased 14 million francs annually, and the [[Moroccan rial]] [[Inflation|depreciated]] 25% from 1896 to 1906.<ref name=":32" /> In June 1904, after a failed attempt to impose a flat tax, France bailed out the already indebted Makhzen with 62.5 million francs, guaranteed by a portion of [[customs]] revenue.<ref name=":32" />

In the 1890s, the French administration and military in [[French Algeria|Algiers]] called for the annexation of the [[Touat]], the [[Gourara]] and the [[Tidikelt]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Trout |first1=Frank E. |title=Morocco's Boundary in the Guir-Zousfana River Basin |journal=African Historical Studies |date=1970 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=37–56 |doi=10.2307/216479 |jstor=216479 }}</ref> a complex that had been part of the Moroccan Empire for many centuries prior to the arrival of the French in Algeria.<ref>Frank E. Trout, [https://books.google.com/books?id=IO69HppDTDgC ''Morocco's Saharan Frontiers''], Droz (1969), p.24 ({{ISBN|9782600044950}}) : « The Gourara-Touat-Tidikelt complex had been under Moroccan domination for many centuries prior to the arrival of the French in Algeria »</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Trout |first=Frank E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IO69HppDTDgC&dq=Touat+had+been+part+of+the+Moroccan+Empire+for+many+centuries+prior+to+the+arrival+of+the+French+in+Algeria&pg=PA24 |title=Morocco's Saharan Frontiers |date=1969 |publisher=Librairie Droz |isbn=978-2-600-04495-0 |language=en}}</ref> The first years of the 20th century saw major diplomatic efforts by European powers, especially France, to further its interests in the region.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Furlong |first=Charles Wellington |author-link=Charles W. Furlong |date=September 1911 |title=The French Conquest Of Morocco: The Real Meaning Of The International Trouble |journal=[[World's Work|The World's Work: A History of Our Time]] |volume=XXII |pages=14988–14999 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=rHAAAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA14988|access-date=10 July 2009 }}</ref>
[[File:La_Vie_illustrée-_Abd-el-Aziz,_Sultan_du_Maroc,_et_sa_bicyclette.jpg|thumb|Sultan [[Abdelaziz of Morocco|Abd-al-Aziz]] with his bicycle in 1901. The young sultan was noted for his capricious spending habits, which exacerbated a major trade deficit.<ref name=":32" />]]
Morocco nominally was ruled by its sultan, the young [[Abdelaziz of Morocco|Abd al-Aziz]], through his regent, [[Ba Ahmed]]. By 1900, Morocco was the scene of multiple local wars started by pretenders to the sultanate, by bankruptcy of the treasury, and by multiple tribal revolts. The French Foreign Minister [[Théophile Delcassé]] saw the opportunity to stabilize the situation and expand the French overseas empire.

General [[Hubert Lyautey]] wanted a more aggressive military policy using his French army based in Algeria. France decided to use both diplomacy and military force. The French colonial authorities would establish control over the Sultan, ruling in his name and extending French influence. The British acceded to any French designs in Morocco in the ''[[Entente Cordiale]]'' of 1904. The [[German Empire|Germans]], however, who had no established presence in the region, strongly protested against the French plan. The Kaiser's [[First Moroccan Crisis|dramatic intervention in Morocco in March 1905]] in support of Moroccan independence became a turning point on the road to the First World War. The international [[Algeciras Conference]] of 1906 formalized France's "special position" and entrusted policing of Morocco jointly to France and Spain. Germany was outmaneuvered diplomatically, and France took full control of Morocco.<ref>Dennis Brogan, ''The Development of modern France, 1870–1939'' (1940) 392–401.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Munholland |first1=Kim |title=Rival Approaches to Morocco: Delcasse, Lyautey, and the Algerian-Moroccan Border, 1903-1905 |journal=French Historical Studies |date=1968 |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=328–343 |doi=10.2307/286044 |jstor=286044 }}</ref>

Morocco experienced a famine from 1903 to 1907, as well as insurrections led by [[Bou Hmara|El-Rogui]] (Bou Hmara) and [[Mulai Ahmed er Raisuni]].<ref name=":32" /> 
[[File:Draft_constitution_1908_morocco.jpg|thumb|''[[Lissan-ul-Maghreb]]'', an early Moroccan newspaper.]]

=== French and Spanish protectorate (1912–1956) ===
{{Main|French conquest of Morocco|French protectorate in Morocco|Spanish protectorate in Morocco}}
[[File:Traité relatif à l'organisation du protectorat français dans l'empire chérifien TRA19120019 001 - France Maroc.pdf|thumb|The [[Treaty of Fes]] established [[French protectorate in Morocco]] on 30 March 1912.]]

==== Hafidiya ====
In 1907, the French took the murder of [[Émile Mauchamp]] in Marrakesh as a pretext to invade [[Oujda]] in the east, as they took an uprising against their appropriation of customs revenue in [[Casablanca]] as an opportunity to [[Bombardment of Casablanca (1907)|bombard and invade that city]] in the west.<ref name=":10">{{Cite book|title=A history of modern Morocco|last=Miller, Susan Gilson.|date=2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781139624695|location=New York|pages=75|oclc=855022840}}</ref> Months later, there was a brief fratricidal civil war referred to as the [[Hafidiya]], in which [[Abd al-Hafid of Morocco|Abd al-Hafid]], at first supported by southern aristocrats based in Marrakesh such as the {{Interlanguage link|Glawa|fr|Glaoua}} and later [[Conditioned Bay'ah|conditionally supported]] by the ''ulama'' of Fes, wrested the throne from his brother [[Abdelaziz of Morocco|Abd al-Aziz]], who was supported by the French.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Miller, Susan Gilson.|title=A history of modern Morocco|date=2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781139624695|location=New York|pages=76|oclc=855022840}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=الخديمي, علال, 1946-....|title=الحركة الحفيظية أو المغرب قبيل فرض الحماية الفرنسية الوضعية الداخلية و تحديات العلاقات الخارجية : 1912-1894|date=2009|publisher=[د. ن.]|oclc=929569541}}</ref>

The [[Agadir Crisis]] increased tensions among the powerful European countries,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Agadir Incident {{!}} European history |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Agadir-Incident |access-date=2021-04-12 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> and resulted in the [[Treaty of Fez]] (signed on 30 March 1912), which made Morocco a [[protectorate]] of France.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Treaty of Fès {{!}} Morocco [1912] {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Treaty-of-Fes |access-date=2023-04-04 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Correspondent |first=our own |date=1956-03-03 |title=An Independent Morocco |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/1956/mar/03/fromthearchive |access-date=2023-04-04 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> In a [[Treaty Between France and Spain Regarding Morocco|second treaty]] signed by the French and Spanish heads of state, Spain was granted a Zone of influence in northern and southern Morocco on 27 November 1912. The northern part became the [[Spanish protectorate in Morocco]], while the [[Cabo Juby|southern part]] was ruled from El Aaiun as a buffer zone between the [[Spanish Sahara|Spanish Colony of Saguia El Hamra]] and Morocco.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1913 |title=Treaty Between France and Spain Regarding Morocco |journal=The American Journal of International Law |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=81–99 |doi=10.2307/2212275 |jstor=2212275 |s2cid=246007581 }}</ref> The treaty of Fez triggered the [[1912 Fes riots|1912 Fez riots]]. By the [[Tangier Protocol]] signed in December 1923, Tangier received special status and became an [[Tangier International Zone|international zone]],<ref name="Hirschberg1981">{{cite book|author=H. Z(J. W.) Hirschberg|title=A history of the Jews in North Africa: From the Ottoman conquests to the present time / edited by Eliezer Bashan and Robert Attal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=idEUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA319|year=1981|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-06295-5|page=318}}</ref> although, during World War II, it was [[Occupation of Tangier (1940–1945)|occupied from 1940 to 1945]] by [[Francoist Spain]].

<gallery mode="nolines">
File:Assassination of Dr Mauchamp in Marrakesh (1907, Petit Journal).jpg|The assassination of [[Émile Mauchamp]] March 1907, which precipitated the French invasion of [[Oujda]] and the [[French conquest of Morocco|conquest of Morocco]].
File:الدار البيضاء 1907 01.jpg|Uprisings in Casablanca in July 1907 over the application terms of the [[Algeciras Conference|Treaty of Algeciras]] led to the [[Bombardment of Casablanca (1907)|Bombardment of Casablanca]].
File:الدار البيضاء 1907 شارع.jpg|Destruction of Casablanca caused by the 1907 French bombardment.
File:Maroc preco.jpg|French artillery in Rabat in 1911. The dispatch of French forces to protect the sultan from a rebellion instigated the [[Agadir Crisis]].
File:Tritel.jpg|Destruction after the [[1912 Fez riots|Intifada of Fes]] was quelled by French artillery fire.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Miller, Susan Gilson.|title=A history of modern Morocco|date=2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-62469-5|location=New York|pages=88|oclc=855022840}}</ref>
</gallery>The treaties nominally assured Morocco of its legal status as a sovereign state, with the sultan as its figurehead.<ref name=":32"/><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=esfISSxc13cC&pg=PA453 Repertory of Decisions of the International Court of Justice (1947-1992), P.453]</ref> In practice, the sultan had no real power and the country was ruled by the colonial administration. French civil servants allied themselves with the French settlers and with their supporters in France to prevent any moves in the direction of Moroccan autonomy. As "pacification" proceeded, with the [[Zaian War]] and the [[Rif War]], the French government focused on the exploitation of Morocco's mineral wealth, and particularly its [[OCP Group|phosphates]]; the creation of a modern transportation system with [[ONCF|trains]] and [[Compagnie de Transports au Maroc|buses]]; and the development of a modern agricultural sector geared to the French market. Tens of thousands of ''colons'', or colonists, entered Morocco and acquired large tracts of the rich agricultural land.<ref name=":1a">{{Cite book|last=Miller, Susan Gilson.|title=A history of modern Morocco|date=2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-62469-5|location=New York|pages=184|oclc=855022840}}</ref>

Morocco was home to half a million Europeans,<ref>De Azevedo, Raimondo Cagiano (1994) ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=N8VHizsqaH0C&pg=PA25 Migration and development co-operation.]''. Council of Europe. p. 25. {{ISBN|92-871-2611-9}}.</ref> most of whom settled in [[Casablanca]], where they formed almost half the population.<ref name="A history of the Arab peoples">Albert Habib Hourani, Malise Ruthven (2002). "''[https://books.google.com/books?id=egbOb0mewz4C&pg=PA323 A history of the Arab peoples]''". Harvard University Press. p.323. {{ISBN|0-674-01017-5}}</ref> Since the kingdom's independence in 1956, and particularly after Hassan II's 1973 [[Moroccanization]] policies, the European element has largely departed.<ref name=":1" />

The [[Spanish coup of July 1936]], which gave way to the [[Spanish Civil War]], began with the [[Army of Africa (Spain)|''Ejército de África'']] in [[Spanish protectorate in Morocco|Spanish occupied Morocco]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Othen |first=Christopher |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/794366388 |title=Franco's international brigades : adventurers, fascists, and christian crusaders in the Spanish Civil War |date=2013 |isbn=978-0-231-70425-0 |edition=[Revised and expanded edition] |location=New York |oclc=794366388}}</ref>

=== Nationalism and transnational anti-colonial resistance ===
Morocco has been a key transnational hub in the struggle against colonialism in the Middle-east region. The end of World War II that had weakened European colonial powers, the start of the US-URSS search for influence and the establishment of the United Nations in 1945  praising universal equality, represented an impetus for anti-colonial and nationalist movements in Morocco.<ref name=":6" />

Through its special international status and the French and US presence in Tangier, the city became a hub for anti-colonial activism. Fromout Tanger, a link was established between the inside resistance and activists from other countries. By creating a transnational network of supporters and public advocates (i.e. cultural elites, politicians, public figures, academics, medias), the nationalist movement aimed to bring the Moroccan cause to the forefront of the international community debate.<ref name=":7" />

In order to gain influence at a global level, Moroccan nationalist movements globalised their cause by seeking to unite with the pan-arabism movement and the Arab League, extending their activism networks to Cairo.<ref name=":8" /> Another example is Paris, that became an important European city from where cultural elites advocated for the independence cause and brought the protectorate question to the forefront of the public debate.<ref name=":11" /> The independence movement eventually managed to bring their national claim for independence to the UN for the first time in 1951, gaining a vote of 20 states in favour and 23 against.<ref name=":11" />

=== Opposition to European control ===
{{See also|French Morocco}}
[[File:Pacification.jpg|thumb|Map depicting the staged [[French conquest of Morocco|French pacification of Morocco]] through to 1934]]
Led by [[Abd el-Krim]], the independent [[Republic of the Rif]] existed from 1921 to 1926, based in the central part of the [[Rif]] (in the Spanish Protectorate), while also extending, for some months, to some parts of the tribal lands of the [[Ghomaras|Ghomara]], the Eastern Rif, Jbala, the [[Ouergha River|Ouergha valley]] and the north of [[Taza]].<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://publicaciones.defensa.gob.es/media/downloadable/files/links/R/E/REVISTAS_PDF635_1.pdf|first=Andrés|last=Sánchez Pérez|journal=Revista de Historia Militar|location=Madrid|publisher=[[Ministry of Defence (Spain)|Ministerio de Defensa]]|title=Adbelkrim|volume=XVII|year=1973|issue=34|page=123|issn=0482-5748}}</ref> After proclaiming independence on 18 September 1921, the polity developed state and governing institutions such as tax collection, law enforcement and the organisation of an army.<ref name=wolf>{{cite journal |last1=Wolf |first1=Anne |title=Morocco's Hirak movement and legacies of contention in the Rif |journal=The Journal of North African Studies |date=2 January 2019 |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=1–6 |doi=10.1080/13629387.2018.1538188 |s2cid=149496054 }}</ref> However, since 1925 the Spanish and French troops managed to quell the resistance and Abd el-Krim surrendered in May 1926.<ref name=wolf />

In December 1934, a small group of nationalists, members of the newly formed ''Comité d'Action Marocaine'', or [[Moroccan Action Committee]] (CAM), proposed a [[Moroccan Plan of Reforms|Plan of Reforms]] that called for a return to indirect rule as envisaged by the Treaty of Fez, admission of Moroccans to government positions, and establishment of representative councils. CAM used petitions, newspaper editorials, and personal appeals to French officials to further its cause, but these proved inadequate, and the tensions created in the CAM by the failure of the plan caused it to split. The CAM was reconstituted as a nationalist political party to gain mass support for more radical demands, but the French suppressed the party in 1937.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Nelson|first=Harold D.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z5r7znMj44YC&q=The+CAM+was+reconstituted+as+a+nationalist+political+party+to+gain+mass+support+for+more+radical+demands,+but+the+French+suppressed+the+party+in+1937&pg=PA56|title=Morocco, a Country Study|date=1985|publisher=Headquarters, Department of the Army|language=en}}</ref>
[[File:وثيقة الاستقلال 11 يناير 1944.jpg|thumb|The [[Proclamation of Independence of Morocco|Manifesto of Independence]] presented by the [[Istiqlal Party]] on 11 January 1944 established Sultan [[Mohammed V of Morocco|Muhammad V]] as a symbol of the nationalist struggle.]]
Nationalist political parties, which subsequently arose under the French protectorate, based their arguments for Moroccan independence on declarations such as the [[Atlantic Charter]], a joint United States-British statement that set forth, among other things, the right of all peoples to choose the form of government under which they live.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Morocco (10/04)|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/morocco/47514.htm|website=U.S. Department of State|access-date=2020-05-27}}</ref> The French regime also faced the opposition of the tribes&nbsp;— when the Berber were required to come under the jurisdiction of French courts in 1930, it increased support for the independence movement.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hoffman |first1=Katherine E. |title=Berber Law by French Means: Customary Courts in the Moroccan Hinterlands, 1930–1956 |journal=Comparative Studies in Society and History |date=October 2010 |volume=52 |issue=4 |pages=851–880 |doi=10.1017/S0010417510000484 |jstor=40864899 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Many [[Moroccan Goumier]]s, or indigenous soldiers in the French army, assisted the Allies in both [[Allies of World War I|World War I]] and [[Allies of World War II|World War II]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Maghraoui |first1=Driss |title=The goumiers in the Second World War: history and colonial representation |journal=The Journal of North African Studies |date=8 August 2014 |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=571–586 |doi=10.1080/13629387.2014.948309 |s2cid=144080194 }}</ref> During World War II, the badly divided nationalist movement became more cohesive. However, the nationalists belief that an Allied victory would pave the way for independence was disappointed.{{citation needed|date=October 2014}} In January 1944, the [[Istiqlal Party|Istiqlal (Independence) Party]], which subsequently provided most of the leadership for the nationalist movement, released a [[Proclamation of Independence of Morocco|manifesto demanding full independence]], national reunification, and a democratic constitution.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National celebrations |url=https://www.moroccoinaustralia.com/national-celebrations |access-date=2023-04-04 |website=Moroccoinaustralia |language=en |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404233012/https://www.moroccoinaustralia.com/national-celebrations |url-status=usurped }}</ref> The Sultan [[Mohammed V of Morocco|Muhammad V]] (1927–1961) had approved the manifesto before its submission to the French resident general, who answered that no basic change in the protectorate status was being considered.{{citation needed|date=October 2014}} The general sympathy of the sultan for the nationalists became evident by the end of the war, although he still hoped to see complete independence achieved gradually. On 10 April 1947, in spite of a [[1947 Casablanca massacre|massacre]] instigated by French forces in Casablanca,<ref>{{Cite web |title=The 1947 French massacre in Casablanca |url=http://www.middleeasteye.net/video/1947-french-massacre-casablanca |access-date=2023-04-04 |website=Middle East Eye |language=en}}</ref> Sultan Muhammad V delivered a momentous [[Tangier Speech|speech in Tangier]] appealing for independence and territorial unity of Morocco, having travelled from [[French protectorate in Morocco|French Morocco]] and through [[Spanish protectorate in Morocco|Spanish Morocco]] to reach the [[Tangier International Zone]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hespress.com/histoire/85477.html|title=زيارة محمد الخامس لطنجة.. أغضبت فرنسا وأشعلت المقاومة|website=Hespress|date=31 July 2013 |language=ar|access-date=29 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hekking |first=Morgan |title=Remembering King Mohammed V, Morocco's Revolutionary Monarch |url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2020/05/301546/remembering-king-mohammed-v-moroccos-revolutionary-monarch |access-date=2023-04-04 |website=moroccoworldnews |language=en}}</ref> The ''résidence'', supported by French economic interests and vigorously backed by most of the ''colons'', adamantly refused to consider even reforms short of independence.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Miller |first=Susan Gilson |title=A History of Modern Morocco |date=2013 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-81070-8 |location=Cambridge |chapter=Framing the Nation (1930–1961)}}</ref>

Although [[Zionism in Morocco]] dates back to the early 20th century, the significant [[Migration of Moroccan Jews to Israel|emigration]] of [[Moroccan Jews]] only began after the [[establishment of the State of Israel]] in the [[1948 Palestine war]].<ref name=":92">{{Cite book |last=Baida |first=Jamaa |title=معلمة المغرب |title-link=Ma'lamat al-Maghrib |year=1989 |pages=5572–5574 |language=ar |trans-title=Ma'lamat al-Maghrib |chapter=الصهيونية والمغرب |trans-chapter=Zionism and Morocco}}</ref> This emigration was organized and facilitated by Zionist groups from outside of Morocco;<ref name=":22">{{Cite journal |last=Laskier |first=Michael M. |date=1985-03-01 |title=Zionism and the Jewish communities of Morocco: 1956–1962 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13531048508575875 |journal=Studies in Zionism |volume=6 |pages=119–138 |doi=10.1080/13531048508575875 |issn=0334-1771}}</ref> about 60,000 migrated through ''[[Cadima]]'' (1949–1956)<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Cadima (Morocco) |url=https://referenceworks.brill.com/display/entries/EJIO/SIM-0004780.xml |language=en |doi=10.1163/1878-9781_ejiw_sim_0004780 |url-access=subscription |access-date=2024-09-09 |website=referenceworks}}</ref> and about 90,000 in [[Operation Yachin]] (1961–1964).<ref name="Moreno-20202">{{Cite journal |last=Moreno |first=Aviad |date=February 2020 |title=Beyond the Nation-State: A Network Analysis of Jewish Emigration from Northern Morocco to Israel |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0020743819000916/type/journal_article |journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies |language=en |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=1–21 |doi=10.1017/S0020743819000916 |issn=0020-7438 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>[[File:1955-07-21 Morocco Riots Terror Mounts In Revolt Of Arabs.ogv|thumb|Morocco riots overrun Casablanca due to discontent with French rule. [[Universal Newsreel]], 21 July 1955]]In December 1952, a riot broke out in Casablanca over the assassination of the Tunisian labour leader [[Farhat Hached]]; this event marked a watershed in relations between Moroccan political parties and French authorities. In the aftermath of the rioting, the residency outlawed the new [[Moroccan Communist Party]] and the [[Istiqlal Party]].<ref name="LOCprof">Text used in this cited section originally came from: [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Morocco.pdf Morocco profile] from the [[Library of Congress Country Studies]] project.</ref>

France's exile of the highly respected [[Sultan Mohammed V]] to [[Madagascar]] on [[Eid al-Adha]] of 1953,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kasraoui |first=Safaa |title=Independence Proclamation: The Ongoing Legacy of Moroccan Nationalism |url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2023/01/353472/independence-proclamation-the-ongoing-legacy-of-moroccan-nationalism |access-date=2023-04-04 |website=moroccoworldnews |language=en}}</ref> and his replacement by the unpopular [[Mohammed Ben Aarafa]], sparked active opposition to the French protectorate both from nationalists and those who saw the sultan as a religious leader.<ref>{{Cite news |last=TIMES |first=Special to THE NEW YORK |date=1953-11-22 |title=EX-SULTAN HAS ROLE IN SPANISH MOROCCO |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1953/11/22/archives/exsultan-has-role-in-spanish-morocco.html |access-date=2023-04-09 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> In retribution, [[Muhammad Zarqtuni]] bombed Casablanca's [[Central Market (Casablanca)|''Marché Central'']] in the European ''ville nouvelle'' on Christmas of that year.<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/fiVcUZ_4AZQ Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20190609215256/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fiVcUZ_4AZQ Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{Citation|last=Al Jazeera Documentary الجزيرة الوثائقية|title=رجل استرخص الموت – محمد الزرقطوني|date=27 November 2017|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fiVcUZ_4AZQ|access-date=23 May 2019}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Today in African history - 24 December |url=https://www.africatodayyesterday.org/days/24-dec |access-date=2023-04-09 |website=www.africatodayyesterday.org |archive-date=9 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409093411/https://www.africatodayyesterday.org/days/24-dec |url-status=dead }}</ref> A month after his replacement, Allal ben Abdallah, a Moroccan nationalist attempted to assassinate the sultan on his way to the friday prayers at [[Great Mosque of Fes el-Jdid]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Arbaoui |first=Larbi |title=Morocco's Most Emblematic Historical Events in Pictures |url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2015/12/174080/moroccos-most-emblematic-historical-events-in-pictures |access-date=2023-04-13 |website=moroccoworldnews |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Lall |first1=Rashmee Roshan |last2=jonoread |date=2021-10-13 |title=The 1950s book that explains the War on Terror |url=https://www.theneweuropean.co.uk/the-1950s-book-that-explains-the-war-on-terror/ |access-date=2023-04-13 |website=The New European |language=en-GB}}</ref> Two years later, faced with a united Moroccan demand for the sultan's return and rising violence in Morocco, as well as a deteriorating situation in Algeria, the French government brought Mohammed V back to Morocco, and the following year began the negotiations that led to Moroccan independence.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cianfarra |first=Camille M. |date=1955-11-17 |title=Morocco Sultan Returns in Triumph From Exile; MOROCCAN SULTAN HAILED ON RETURN |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1955/11/17/archives/morocco-sultan-returns-in-triumph-from-exile-moroccan-sultan-hailed.html |access-date=2023-04-04 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Balafrej |first=Ahmed |date=1956-04-01 |title=Morocco Plans for Independence {{!}} Foreign Affairs |language=en-US |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/morocco/1956-04-01/morocco-plans-independence |access-date=2023-04-04 |issn=0015-7120}}</ref> So, with the triumphant return of Sultan Mohammed ben Youssef, the beginning of the end of the colonial era was marked.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |author=Stenner, David |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1178769466 |title=Globalizing Morocco : Transnational Activism and the Postcolonial State |date=14 May 2019 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-1-5036-0900-6 |oclc=1178769466}}</ref>