Editing History of Korea (section)

===Japanese rule (1910–1945)===
{{Main|Korea under Japanese rule|Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea}}
[[File:Sui-ho Dam under construction.JPG|thumb|[[Sup'ung Dam]] under construction. (July 1942)]]

In 1910, the [[Empire of Japan]] effectively annexed [[Korean Empire|Korea]] through the [[Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910|Japan–Korea Annexation Treaty]]. Along with all other previously signed treaties between Korea and Japan, the annexation treaty was confirmed to be null and void in 1965. While Japan asserted that the treaty was concluded legally, Korea disputed the legality of the treaty, because the treaty was not signed by the Emperor of Korea as required and it violated the international convention on external pressures regarding treaties.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kawasaki|first=Yutaka|title=Was the 1910 Annexation Treaty Between Korea and Japan Concluded Legally?|journal=Murdoch University Journal of Law|volume=3|issue=2|date=July 1996|url=http://www.murdoch.edu.au/elaw/issues/v3n2/kawasaki.html|access-date=2007-06-08}}</ref><ref>[http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2010/05/11/2010051101277.html Japan's Annexation of Korea 'Unjust and Invalid'] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304121002/http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2010/05/11/2010051101277.html |date=2016-03-04 }}, Chosun Ilbo, 2010-05-11. Retrieved 2010-07-05.</ref> Many Koreans formed the [[Righteous army]] to fight against Japanese rule.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Kim|first=C. I. Eugene|date=1962|title=Japanese Rule in Korea (1905–1910): A Case Study|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/985211|journal=Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society|volume=106|issue=1|pages=53–59|jstor=985211|issn=0003-049X}}</ref>

Korea was controlled by [[Japan]] under a [[Governor-General of Chōsen]] from 1910 until Japan's unconditional surrender to the [[Allies of World War II|Allied Forces]] on 15 August 1945. ''De jure'' sovereignty was deemed to have passed from the [[Joseon|Joseon dynasty]] to the [[Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea]].<ref name="hoare pares japanese rule"/>

After the annexation, Japan set out to suppress many traditional Korean customs, including eventually even the Korean language itself.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EhXrBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT35|title = Moon Living Abroad in South Korea|isbn = 978-1-61238-870-0|last1 = Hopfner|first1 = Jonathan|date = 22 April 2014| publisher=Avalon }}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Economic policies were implemented primarily for Japanese benefit.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://smesindia.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Korea.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114010017/http://smesindia.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Korea.pdf |archive-date=2016-11-14 |url-status=live |title=ECONOMIC GROWTH AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT IN THE REPUBLIC OF KOREA, 1945–1992 |author=Jong-Wha Lee |website=smesindia.net}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.japanfocus.org/products/details/2220 |title=Legal Categories, Demographic Change and Japan's Korean Residents in the Long Twentieth Century |author=Yoshiko NOZAKI, Hiromitsu INOKUCHI and Kim Tae-young |website=www.japanfocus.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070125052048/http://www.japanfocus.org/products/details/2220 |archive-date=25 January 2007}}</ref> European-styled [[transport]] and [[communication]] networks were constructed across the nation in order to extract resources and exploit labor. However, much of the built infrastructure was later destroyed during the devastating [[Korean War]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}} The banking system was consolidated and the Korean currency abolished.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Metzler |first=Mark |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=veUlDQAAQBAJ&dq=Korean+currency+abolished+by+Japanese&pg=PA53 |title=Lever of Empire: The International Gold Standard and the Crisis of Liberalism in Prewar Japan |date=2006-03-13 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-24420-7 |pages=53 |language=en}}</ref>

The Japanese removed the [[Joseon]] hierarchy and gave the census register to the ''[[baekjeong]]'' and ''[[nobi]]'' who were not allowed to have the census register during Joseon period,<ref>{{cite book|last=Lee|first=Young-hoon|title=大韓民国の物語 (Story of Republic of Korea, Lectures on "Re-acknowledging before and after the liberation)|year=2009|publisher=Bungeishunjū|pages=95}}</ref> The palace [[Gyeongbokgung]] was mostly destroyed, and replaced with the [[Government-General of Chōsen Building]].<ref>{{in lang|ko}} [https://archive.today/20120707043113/http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=722442 After the reconstruction Gyeongbok Palace of 1865–1867] at [[Doosan Encyclopedia]]</ref>

[[File:三一运动.jpg|thumb|the [[March First Movement]] in 1919]]
After [[Gojong of Korea|Emperor Gojong]] died in January 1919, with rumors of poisoning, independence rallies against the Japanese colonizers took place nationwide on 1 March 1919 (the [[March First Movement]]). This movement was suppressed by force and about 7,000 persons were killed by Japanese soldiers<ref group=note>[[Park Eun-sik]] stated this amount is no more than hearsay and an inexact reasoning.</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Park|first=Eun-sik|title=朝鮮独立運動の血史 1 (The Bloody History of the Korean Independence Movement)|year=1972|publisher=Tōyō Bunko|pages=169}}</ref> and police.<ref>{{cite web|title=March 1st Movement |url=https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9050797?query=march%20first%20movement&ct= |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071211125737/https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9050797?query=march%20first%20movement&ct= |archive-date=2007-12-11 }}</ref> An estimated 2 million people took part in peaceful, pro-liberation rallies, although Japanese records claim participation of less than half million.{{sfn|Lee, Ki-baik|1984|pp=340–344}} This movement was partly inspired by United States President [[Woodrow Wilson]]'s speech of 1919, declaring support for right of self-determination and an end to colonial rule after World War I.{{sfn|Lee, Ki-baik|1984|pp=340–344}}

The [[Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea]] was established in [[Shanghai]], China, in the aftermath of the March 1 Movement, which coordinated the liberation effort and resistance against Japanese rule. Some of the achievements of the Provisional Government included the [[Battle of Qingshanli|Battle of Chingshanli]] of 1920 and the [[Yun Bong-gil|ambush of Japanese military leadership in China]] in 1932. In 1920, Imperial Japanese Army massacred about from 5,000 to tens of thousands of Korean civilians at Gando in retaliation to loss at [[Battle of Qingshanli|Battle of Chingshanli]]. This incident is called [[Gando Massacre]]. The Provisional Government is considered to be the ''de jure'' government of the Korean people between 1919 and 1948. The legitimacy of the provisional government is enshrined into the preamble of the [[constitution]] of the [[South Korea|Republic of Korea]].<ref>[http://korea.assembly.go.kr/res/low_01_read.jsp?boardid=1000000035 Constitution of the Republic of Korea: Preamble] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120710041912/http://korea.assembly.go.kr/res/low_01_read.jsp?boardid=1000000035 |date=2012-07-10 }}, The [[National Assembly of the Republic of Korea]].</ref>

So far as primary and secondary education in Korea were classified as being for "those habitually using the Korean language", and for "those habitually using the Japanese language". Thus, the ethnic Koreans could attend the schools primarily for Japanese, and vice versa.<ref>"The New Korea", [[Alleyne Ireland]] 1926 E.P. Dutton & Company pp.198–199</ref>

As of 1926, the Korean language was taught for 4 hours a week for the first and second year of a common school having a six-year course, three for the rest of the course. Both Japanese and Koreans paid school-fees, without exception. The average fee in a common school was about 25 cents a month. The educational assessment levied by District educational bodies, paid by the ethnic Koreans, averaged about 20 cents in 1923, per capita of the Korean population, that levied by school associations, paid by the ethnic Japanese, averaged about 3.30 dollars per capita of the Japanese population comprised within all the school associations in Korea.<ref>"The New Korea", [[Alleyne Ireland]] 1926 E.P. Dutton & Company pp.204,210–211</ref>

The [[Literacy|literacy rate]] of Korea reached 22% in 1945.<ref>G.H.Q. U・S Army Forces, Summation of U・S Army Military Government Activities in Korea Vol.2. No.5-16, 1946, p.32</ref> The school curriculum was radically modified to eliminate teaching of the Korean language and history.<ref name="hoare pares japanese rule"/> The Korean language was banned, and Koreans were forced to adopt Japanese names,{{sfn|Miyata|1992|p={{page needed|date=April 2022}}}}<ref group=note>However, the change of their given names was voluntary</ref><ref>朝鮮総督府官房文書課編 "諭告・訓示・演述総攬" 1941, p.676</ref> and newspapers were prohibited from publishing in Korean. Numerous Korean cultural artifacts were destroyed or taken to Japan.<ref name="Newsweek">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.newsweek.com/id/48765/output/print |title=Korea: A Tussle over Treasures&nbsp;— Who rightfully owns Korean artifacts looted by Japan? |magazine=[[Newsweek]] |access-date=2008-06-06 |author=Kay Itoi |author2=B. J. Lee |date=2007-10-17}}</ref> According to an investigation by the South Korean government, 75,311 cultural assets were taken from Korea.<ref name="Newsweek"/><ref>[https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/art/2010/01/148_36696.html Lost treasures make trip home] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160609212755/https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/art/2010/01/148_36696.html |date=2016-06-09 }}, Korea Times, 2008-12-28.</ref>

[[File:Korean Liberation Army.JPG|thumb|alt=Korean Liberation Army alt text|[[Korean Liberation Army]]]]
Some [[Koreans]] left the [[Korea|Korean Peninsula]] for exile in China, the United States, and elsewhere. Koreans in Manchuria formed resistance groups known as [[Korean independence movement|Dongnipgun]] (Liberation Army); they would travel in and out of the Sino-Korean border, fighting [[guerrilla warfare]] with Japanese forces. Some of them would group together in the 1940s as the [[Korean Liberation Army]], which took part in allied action in China and parts of South East Asia. Tens of thousands of Koreans also joined the [[People's Liberation Army]] and the [[National Revolutionary Army]].

The expulsion of the Japanese in 1945 removed practically all administrative and technical expertise. While the Japanese only comprised 2.6 percent of the population in 1944, they were an urban elite. The largest 50 cities contained 71 percent of the Japanese but only 12 percent of the Koreans. They largely dominated the ranks of the well-educated occupations. Meanwhile, 71 percent of the Koreans worked on farms.<ref>Morgan E. Clippinger, "Problems of the Modernization of Korea: the Development of Modernized Elites Under Japanese Occupation" ''Asiatic Research Bulletin'' (1963) 6#6 pp 1–11.</ref>