Editing History of Algeria (section)

=== Establishment ===
[[File:Eyalet_Algeria_in_1560.png|left|thumb|Ottoman Algeria in 1560.]]
From 1496, the Spanish conquered numerous possessions on the North African coast: [[Melilla]] (1496), [[Mers El Kébir]] (1505), [[Oran]] (1509), [[Béjaïa|Bougie]] (1510), [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]] (1510), [[Algiers]], [[Shershell]], [[Dellys]], and [[Tenes]].<ref name="AHG 107">[https://books.google.com/books?id=8gs4AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA107 ''An Historical Geography of the Ottoman Empire'' p.107''ff'']</ref> The Spaniards later led unsuccessful expeditions to take Algiers in the [[Algiers Expedition (1516)|Algiers expedition in 1516]], [[Algiers Expedition (1519)|1519]] and another failed [[Algiers expedition (1541)|expedition in 1541]].

Around the same time, the Ottoman [[privateer]] brothers [[Oruç Reis|Oruç]] and [[Hayreddin Barbarossa|Hayreddin]]—both known to [[Europe]]ans as Barbarossa, or "Red Beard"—were operating successfully off [[Tunisia]] under the [[Hafsids]]. In 1516, Oruç moved his base of operations to Algiers. He asked for the protection of the [[Ottoman Empire]] in 1517, but was killed in 1518 during his invasion of the [[Kingdom of Tlemcen|Zayyanid Kingdom]] of [[Tlemcen]]. Hayreddin succeeded him as military commander of Algiers.<ref>↑ Kamel Filali, L'Algérie mystique : Des marabouts fondateurs aux khwân insurgés, XVe-XIXe siècles, Paris, Publisud, coll. « Espaces méditerranéens », 2002, 214 p. ({{ISBN|2866008952}}), p. 56</ref>

In 1551 [[Hasan Pasha (son of Barbarossa)|Hasan Pasha]], the son of Hayreddin defeated the Spanish-Moroccan armies during a [[Campaign of Tlemcen (1551)|campaign to recapture Tlemcen]], thus cementing Ottoman control in western and central Algeria.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Plummer III |first=Comer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dmSVCgAAQBAJ&q=mostaganem+1551&pg=PA9-IA4 |title=Roads to Ruin: The War for Morocco In the Sixteenth Century |date=2015-09-09 |publisher=Lulu Press, Inc |isbn=978-1-4834-3104-8 |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

After that, the conquest of Algeria sped up. In 1552 [[Salah Rais]], with the help of some [[Kabyle people|Kabyle]] kingdoms, [[Touggourt Expedition (1552)|conquered Touggourt]], and established a foothold in the Sahara.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gaïd |first=Mouloud |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F-pAAAAAYAAJ |title=Chronique des beys de Constantine |date=1978 |publisher=Office des publications universitaires |language=fr}}</ref>

In the 1560s eastern Algeria was centralized, and the power struggle which had been present ever since the [[Hafsids of Béjaïa|Emirate of Béjaïa]] collapsed came to an end.

During the 16th, 17th, and early 18th century, the Kabyle Kingdoms of [[Kingdom of Kuku|Kuku]] and [[Kingdom of Beni Abbas|Ait Abbas]] managed to maintain their independence<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=83koAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA118 Sketches of Algeria During the Kabyle War By Hugh Mulleneux Walmsley: Pg 118]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=lsVvCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT219 Memoirs Of Marshal Bugeaud From His Private Correspondence And Original Documents, 1784-1849 Maréchal Thomas Robert Bugeaud duc d’Isly]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&pg=PA165 The Oxford Dictionary of Islam edited by John L. Esposito: Pg 165]</ref> repelling Ottoman attacks several times, notably in the [[First Battle of Kalaa of the Beni Abbes (1553)|First Battle of Kalaa of the Beni Abbes]]. This was mainly thanks to their ideal position deep inside the [[Kabylia Mountains]] and their great organisation, and the fact that unlike in the West and East where collapsing kingdoms such as Tlemcen or Béjaïa were present, Kabylia had two new and energetic emirates.