Editing Han Chinese (section)

==== Song to Qing ====
{{Main|Song dynasty|Yuan dynasty|Ming dynasty|Qing dynasty}}
[[File:南宋 · 斗浆图 Tea Fighting Southern Song dynasty.png|thumb|<small>Tea competition in Song China</small>]]
[[File:史可法像.jpg|left|thumb|[[Shi Kefa]], the [[Three Departments and Six Ministries|Minister of War]] of [[Ming dynasty]], was famous for his tenacious defence in Yangzhou against the [[Manchu]] ([[Qing dynasty|Qing]]) invasion followed by the [[Yangzhou massacre]] commanded by the Manchu army.|350x350px]]

The next few centuries saw successive invasions of Han and non-Han peoples from the north. In 1279, the [[Mongols]] conquered all of China, becoming the first non-Han ethnic group to do so, and established the [[Yuan dynasty]]. [[Emigration]], seen as disloyal to ancestors and ancestral land, was banned by the Song and Yuan dynasties.<ref>{{Cite book|first1 = Pál|last1 = Nyíri|first2 = Igorʹ|last2 = Rostislavovich Savelʹev|title = Globalizing Chinese migration: trends in Europe and Asia|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=77F23y4RrnUC&pg=PA208|publisher = Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|year = 2002|page = 208|isbn = 978-0-7546-1793-8|access-date = 29 October 2015|archive-date = 14 December 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211214010926/https://books.google.com/books?id=77F23y4RrnUC&pg=PA208|url-status = live}}</ref>

[[Hongwu Emperor|Zhu Yuanzhang]], who had a [[Sinocentrism|Han-centered concept of China]], and regarded expelling "[[Hua–Yi distinction|barbarians]]" and restoring Han people's China as a mission, established the [[Ming dynasty]] in 1368 after the [[Red Turban Rebellions]]. During this period, China referred to the Ming Empire and to the Han people living in them, and non-Han communities were separated from China.<ref name="md">{{cite journal |last1=Jiang |first1=Yonglin |title=Thinking About the 'Ming China' Anew: The Ethnocultural Space In A Diverse Empire-With Special Reference to the 'Miao Territory' |journal=Journal of Chinese History |date=January 2018 |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=27–78 |doi=10.1017/jch.2017.27 }}</ref>

Early [[Manchu people|Manchu]] rulers treated China as equivalent to both the Ming Empire and to the Han group.<ref name="md" /> In 1644, the Ming capital, [[Beijing]], was captured by [[Li Zicheng]]'s peasant rebels and the [[Chongzhen Emperor]] committed suicide. The Manchus of the [[Qing dynasty]] then allied with former Ming general [[Wu Sangui]] and seized control of Beijing. Remnant Ming forces led by [[Koxinga]] fled to [[Taiwan]] and established the [[Kingdom of Tungning]], which eventually capitulated to Qing forces in 1683. Taiwan, previously inhabited mostly by non-Han aborigines, was sinicized during this period via large-scale migration accompanied by assimilation, despite efforts by the Manchus to prevent this, as they found it difficult to maintain control over the island. In 1681, the [[Kangxi Emperor]] ordered construction of the [[Willow Palisade]] to prevent Han Chinese migration to the three northeastern provinces, which nevertheless had harbored a significant Chinese population for centuries, especially in the southern [[Liaodong]] area. The Manchus designated Jilin and Heilongjiang as the Manchu homeland, to which the Manchus could hypothetically escape and regroup if the Qing dynasty fell.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Mark C. |last1=Elliott |date=August 2000 |title=The Limits of Tartary: Manchuria in Imperial and National Geographies |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=59 |issue=3 |pages=603–46 |jstor=2658945 |doi=10.2307/2658945 }}</ref> Because of increasing Russian territorial encroachment and annexation of neighboring territory, the Qing later reversed its policy and allowed the consolidation of a demographic Han majority in Northeast China. The [[Taiping Rebellion]] erupted in 1850 from the [[Anti-Qing sentiment|anti-Manchu]] sentiment of the Han Chinese, which killed at least twenty million people and made it [[List of wars by death toll|one of the bloodiest conflicts]] in history.<ref name="hm">{{cite magazine|author=Ian Buruma|url=https://harpers.org/archive/2022/02/the-great-wall-of-steel-xi-jinping-chinese-nationalism/|title=The Great Wall of Steel|magazine=[[Harper's Magazine]]|date=February 2022|access-date=30 March 2024|archive-date=30 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240330054104/https://harpers.org/archive/2022/02/the-great-wall-of-steel-xi-jinping-chinese-nationalism/|url-status=live}}</ref> Late Qing revolutionary intellectual [[Zou Rong]] famously proclaimed that "China is the China of the Chinese. We compatriots should identify ourselves with the China of the Han Chinese".<ref name="ww" />