Editing Habeas corpus (section)

===Crown of Aragon===
The [[Crown of Aragon]] had a remedy equivalent to the ''habeas corpus'' called the ''manifestación de personas'', literally, ''demonstration of persons''.<ref>{{cite book |first=R.E. |last=Giesey |title=If not, not: The Oath of the Aragonese and the Legendary Laws of Sobrarbe |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1968}}</ref> According to the right of ''manifestación'', the [[Justicia de Aragon]], lit. ''Justice of Aragon'', an Aragonese judiciary figure similar to an [[ombudsman]], but with far reaching executive powers, could require a judge, a court of justice, or any other official that they handed over to the ''Justicia'', i.e., that they be ''demonstrated'' to the Justicia, anyone being prosecuted, so as to guarantee that this person's rights were upheld, and that no violence would befall this person prior to their being sentenced.<ref name="Tomás y Valiente 2000">{{cite book |last=Tomás y Valiente |first=Francisco |year=2000 |title=La tortura judicial en España |edition=2ª |place=Barcelona |publisher=Crítica |isbn=84-8432-029-4}}</ref>

The ''Justicia'' retained the right to examine the judgement passed, and decide whether it satisfied the conditions of a fair trial. If the ''Justicia'' was not satisfied, he could refuse to hand over the accused back to the authorities. The right of ''manifestación'' acted like a ''habeas corpus'': knowing that the appeal to the ''Justicia'' would immediately follow any unlawful detention, these were effectively illegal. Equally, [[torture]], which had been banned in Aragon since 1325, would never take place.<ref name="Tomás y Valiente 2000"/>

In some cases, people exerting their right of ''manifestación'' were kept under the Justicia's watch in ''manifestación'' prisons, famous for their mild and easy conditions, or under house arrest. More generally, however, the person was released from confinement and placed under the ''Justicia's protection'', awaiting for trial. The ''Justicia'' always granted the right of ''manifestación'' by default, but they only really had to act in extreme cases, as for instance famously happened in 1590 when [[Antonio Pérez (statesman)|Antonio Pérez]], the disgraced secretary to [[Philip II of Spain]], fled from [[Castile (historical region)|Castile]] to Aragon and used his Aragonese ascendency to appeal to the ''Justicia'' for manifestación right, thereby preventing his arrest at the king's behest.

The right of ''manifestación'' was codified in 1325 in the Declaratio Privilegii generalis passed by the [[Aragonese Corts]] under [[James II of Aragon|King James II of Aragon]].<ref>{{cite book |author=González Antón |first=Luis |title=Las Uniones aragonesas y las Cortes del Reino (1283-1301) |place=Zaragoza |department=Escuela de Estudios Medievales; CSIC |publisher=Librería General |year=1975 |isbn=978-84-00-04150-2}}<br/>{{cite book |via=Google Books |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sIYVCrzY8-4C&pg=PP1 |volume=I |title=Texto |isbn=978-84-00-04151-9|last1 = Antón|first1 = Luis González|year = 1975| publisher=Editorial CSIC – CSIC Press }}<br/>{{cite book |via=Google Books |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FVbKFaPne8sC&pg=PP1 |volume=II |title=Documentos |isbn=978-84-00-04177-9|last1 = Antón|first1 = Luis González|year = 1975| publisher=Editorial CSIC – CSIC Press }}</ref> It had been practised since the inception of the kingdom of Aragon in the 11th century, and therefore predates the English ''habeas corpus'' itself.<ref name="Tomás y Valiente 2000"/>