Editing Glasgow (section)

===Architecture===
{{Main|Architecture in Glasgow|List of tallest buildings and structures in Glasgow}}
[[File:The Armadillo - geograph.org.uk - 2961293.jpg|thumb|right|The design of the [[SEC Armadillo]] is inspired by Glasgow's shipbuilding history, with flat sheet material cladded to framed hulls<ref>{{cite web |title=SEC Armadillo |url=https://www.fosterandpartners.com/projects/sec-armadillo |publisher=Foster + Partners |access-date=16 March 2024 |language=en}}</ref>]]

Very little of [[medieval]] Glasgow remains; the two main landmarks from this period being the 15th-century [[Provand's Lordship]] and 13th-century [[St. Mungo's Cathedral]], although the original medieval street plan (along with many of the street names) on the eastern side of the city centre has largely survived intact. Also in the 15th century began the building of [[Cathcart Castle]], completed {{Circa|1450}} with a view over the landscape in all directions. It was at this castle [[Mary Queen of Scots]] supposedly spent the night before her defeat at the [[Battle of Langside]] in May 1568. The castle was demolished in 1980 for safety reasons. The vast majority of the central city area as seen today dates from the 19th century. As a result, Glasgow has a heritage of [[Victorian architecture]]: the [[Glasgow City Chambers]]; the main building of the [[University of Glasgow]], designed by [[George Gilbert Scott|Sir George Gilbert Scott]]; and the [[Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum]], designed by [[John William Simpson (architect)|Sir John W. Simpson]], are notable examples.

The city is notable for architecture designed by the [[Glasgow School]], the most notable exponent of that style being [[Charles Rennie Mackintosh]]. Mackintosh was an architect and designer in the [[Arts and Crafts Movement]] and the main exponent of [[Art Nouveau]] in the United Kingdom, designing numerous noted Glasgow buildings such as the [[Glasgow School of Art]], [[Willow Tearooms]] and the [[Scotland Street School Museum]]. A hidden gem of Glasgow, also designed by Mackintosh, is the [[Queen's Cross Church, Glasgow|Queen's Cross Church]], the only church by the renowned artist to be built.<ref>[http://www.scotlandontv.tv/scotland_on_tv/video.html?vxSiteId=60fdd544-9c52-4e17-be7e-57a2a2d76992&vxChannel=SeeScot%20Places&vxClipId=1380_SMG1835&vxBitrate=300 Watch video of the church] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090605023607/http://www.scotlandontv.tv/scotland_on_tv/video.html?vxSiteId=60fdd544-9c52-4e17-be7e-57a2a2d76992&vxChannel=SeeScot%20Places&vxClipId=1380_SMG1835&vxBitrate=300 |date=5 June 2009}} and Interview with Stuart Robertson, Charles Rennie Mackintosh Society Director</ref>

Another architect who has had an enduring impact on the city's appearance is [[Alexander Thomson]], with notable examples including the [[Holmwood House]] villa, and likewise Sir [[John James Burnet]], awarded the R.I.B.A.'s Royal Gold Medal for his lifetime's service to architecture. The buildings reflect the wealth and self-confidence of the residents of the "Second City of the Empire". Glasgow generated immense wealth from trade and the industries that developed from the Industrial Revolution. The [[shipyard]]s, [[Naval architecture|marine engineering]], steel making, and [[heavy industry]] all contributed to the growth of the city.

[[File:Riverside Museum (30244146743).jpg|thumb|left|The [[Riverside Museum]] situated on the banks of the River Clyde]]

Many of the city's buildings were built with red or blond [[sandstone]], but during the industrial era those colours disappeared under a pervasive black layer of soot and pollutants from the [[Furnace (house heating)|furnace]]s, until the [[Clean Air Act 1956|Clean Air Act]] was introduced in 1956. There are more than 1,800 listed buildings in the city, of architectural and historical importance, and 23 Conservation Areas extending over {{Convert|1,471|ha|acre}}. Such areas include the Central Area, Dennistoun, the West End, Pollokshields – the first major planned garden suburb in Britain – Newlands and the village of Carmunnock.<ref>Glasgow City Council Planning Department reports</ref>

Modern buildings in Glasgow include the [[Glasgow Royal Concert Hall]], and along the banks of the Clyde are the [[Glasgow Science Centre]], [[OVO Hydro|The OVO Hydro]] and the [[Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre]], whose [[Clyde Auditorium]] was designed by [[Norman Foster (architect)|Sir Norman Foster]], and is colloquially known as the "[[Armadillo]]". In 2004 [[Zaha Hadid]] won a competition to design the new [[Glasgow Museum of Transport|Museum of Transport]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.glasgowarchitecture.co.uk/museum_of_transport_glasgow.htm |title=Museum of Transport Glasgow |access-date=8 August 2011 |website=Glasgow Architecture |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071222033628/http://www.glasgowarchitecture.co.uk/museum_of_transport_glasgow.htm |archive-date=22 December 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Hadid's museum opened on the waterfront in 2011 and has been renamed the [[Riverside Museum]] to reflect the change in location and to celebrate Glasgow's rich industrial heritage stemming from the Clyde.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.glasgowlife.org.uk/museums/riverside-museum/ |title=Riverside Museum: Scotland's museum of transport and travel |access-date=8 August 2011}}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

Glasgow's historical and modern architectural traditions were celebrated in 1999 when the city was designated UK City of Architecture and Design,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.seeglasgow.com/media-office/features/history/city-of-reinvention |title=Glasgow: Scotland with style&nbsp;– City of Reinvention By Nancy McLardie |publisher=Seeglasgow.com |access-date=12 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113012733/http://www.seeglasgow.com/media-office/features/history/city-of-reinvention |archive-date=13 January 2010}}</ref> winning the accolade over [[Liverpool]] and [[Edinburgh]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.glasgow.gov.uk/en/AboutGlasgow/History/Regeneration.htm |title=Glasgow City Council: Regeneration&nbsp;– into the new Millennium |publisher=Glasgow.gov.uk |date=28 March 2007 |access-date=12 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526235624/http://www.glasgow.gov.uk/en/AboutGlasgow/History/Regeneration.htm |archive-date=26 May 2009}}</ref>