Editing Geography of Chile (section)

== Political geography ==
=== Border disputes with Bolivia ===
Chile has long been in conflict with [[Bolivia]] over coastal and land sovereignty. The [[War of the Pacific]] was fought between Chile, Bolivia, and Peru in the late 1800s. The latter two had rich nitrate deposits. However, Peru established a monopoly over their deposits and Bolivia applied export tariffs to Chile.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kiernan |first1=V.G. |title=Foreign Interests in the War of the Pacific |journal=The Hispanic American Historical Review |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=14–36 |date=February 1955|jstor=2509249 |publisher=Duke University Press |doi=10.2307/2509249 }}</ref> After the war, Chile had won 120,000&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> of land that included [[Antofagasta]] on the coastline of [[Bolivia]]. This has left Bolivia landlocked since 1904. 
Bolivians still fights for coastal and territorial sovereignty. [[Evo Morales]], the former president of Bolivia, has argued that Bolivia's landlocked status has made the country endure great "historical injustice".<ref>{{cite web |title=Bolivia Takes Sea Access Dispute with Chile to International Court of Justice |date=19 March 2018 |url=https://santiagotimes.cl/2018/03/19/bolivia-takes-sea-access-dispute-with-chile-to-international-court-of-justice/ |website=The Santiago Times |access-date=18 October 2018}}</ref> Morales also has argued that were Chileans to give back Antofagasta, it would have no significant effect on their country. The land Bolivia lost to Chile more than a century ago is now home to some of the biggest copper mines in the world. Chile has no intention of giving up any land to Bolivia, but is very open to coastal access negotiations.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Long |first1=Gideon |title=Bolivia-Chile land dispute has deep roots |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-22287222 |website=BBC News |access-date=25 November 2018|date=2013-04-24 }}</ref>

In October 2018, the [[International Court of Justice]] ruled against Bolivia in its dispute with Chile. The court ruled that Chile did not have to discuss granting Bolivia sea access.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bolivia Sea Dispute: UN rules in Chile's Favor |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-45708671 |access-date=18 October 2018|work=BBC News |date=1 October 2018 }}</ref>

=== Border disputes with Peru ===
There have been continuous disputes between Chile and Peru since the 1800s due to the fact that they both claim boundary coastal lines. Peru claims the northern part of Chile, which is now southwest of Peru. This "triangulation" was made to fix the boundary problem between Chile and Peru. The decisions were accomplished on January 27, 1839, by the International Court of Justice <ref>{{cite web |last1=Webb |first1=Peter H. |title=Chile, Peru, and the ICJ Boundary Settlement |url=http://blogs.law.unc.edu/ncilj/2014/02/24/chile-peru-and-the-icj-boundary-settlement/ |website=North Carolina Journal of International Law |publisher=University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Law |access-date=19 October 2018 |archive-date=1 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801001211/http://blogs.law.unc.edu/ncilj/2014/02/24/chile-peru-and-the-icj-boundary-settlement |url-status=dead }}</ref> The War of the Pacific occurred from the years 1879–1883;<ref>{{cite web |title=War of the Pacific |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/War-of-the-Pacific |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica Inc. |access-date=19 October 2018}}</ref> the war was caused because of the mineral resources Chile had. This led for Chile to control sea shipping to Peru and send out an army to invade Peru on October 8, 1879. An attempt was also made to invade the United States in October 1880 but failed. There was a resistance between Peru and Chile for a few years. The United States offered help with a treaty for both Peru and Chile, better known as the Treaty of Ancón, which was signed by both of them on October 20, 1883, to keep the peace between them. In 2008, Peru took Chile to court over their maritime disputes. In 2014, the International Court of Justice's ruling resulted in Chile losing 80 miles from Chile's northwestern ocean zone.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bonnefoy |first1=Pascale |title=Court Grants Peru Ocean Territory Claimed by Chile |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/28/world/americas/court-grants-peru-ocean-territory-claimed-by-chile.html |newspaper=New York Times |access-date=19 October 2018|date=2014-01-27 }}</ref> This ruling severely impacted fishers in the country.

=== Border disputes with Argentina ===
Border disputes between Chile and Argentina deal with the Patagonia region; one of the many such disputes deals with the countries' southern ice-fields. The disagreements began when Argentina maps started to include part of the southern ice-fields. The dispute between these two countries deals with water, as this contested land contains the second-largest reserve of potable water in the world. Despite these differing ideas about what land belongs to which country, former President of Chile [[Sebastián Piñera]] claims that these issues will get resolved.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Fendt |first1=Lindsay |title=Argentina revives long time border dispute with Chile in Patagonian ice fields |url=http://en.mercopress.com/2010/05/20/argentina-revives-long-time-border-dispute-with-chile-in-patagonian-ice-fields |website=Merco Press |access-date=1 December 2018}}</ref>