Editing Gentrification (section)

===South Africa===
Gentrification in [[South Africa]] has been categorized into two waves for two different periods of time. Visser and Kotze find that the first wave occurred in the 1980s to the [[Post-apartheid|Post-Apartheid]] period, the second wave occurred during and after the 2000s.{{sfn|Visser|Kotze|2008|p=2567}} Both of these trends of gentrification has been analyzed and reviewed by scholars in different lenses. One view which Atkinson uses is that gentrification is purely the reflection of [[Middle class|middle-class]] values on to a [[Working class|working-class]] neighborhood.{{sfn|Atkinson|2009|p=272}} The second view is the wider view is suggested by Visser and Kotze which views gentrification with inclusions of rural locations, infill housing, and luxury residency development.{{sfn|Visser|Kotze|2008|p=2567}} While Kotze and Visser find that gentrification has been under a provocative lens by media all over the world, South Africa's gentrification process was harder to identify because of the need to differentiate between gentrification and the change of conditions from the [[Apartheid]].{{sfn|Visser|Kotze|2008|p=2569}}

Furthermore, the authors note that the pre-conditions for gentrification where events like tertiary decentralization (suburbanization of the service industry) and [[capital flight]] ([[disinvestment]]) were occurring, which caused scholars to ignore the subject of gentrification due to the normality of the process.{{sfn|Visser|Kotze|2008|p=2569}} Additionally, Kotze and Visser found that as state-run programs and private redevelopment programs began to focus on the pursuit of "global competitiveness" and well-rounded prosperity, it hid the underlying foundations of gentrification under the guise of redevelopment.{{sfn|Visser|Kotze|2008|p=2586}} As a result, the effect is similar to what Teppo and Millstein coins as the pursuit to moralize the narrative to legitimize the benefit to all people.{{sfn|Lees|Shin|López-Morales|2015|p=433}} This concurrently created an effect where Visser and Kotze conclude that the perceived gentrification was only the fact that the target market was people commonly associated with gentrification.{{sfn|Visser|Kotze|2008|p=2589}} As Visser and Kotze states, "It appears as if apartheid red-lining on racial grounds has been replaced by a financially exclusive property market that entrenches prosperity and privilege."{{sfn|Visser|Kotze|2008|p=2585}}

Generally, Atkinson observes that when looking at scholarly discourse for the gentrification and rapid urbanization of South Africa, the main focus is not on the smaller towns of South Africa. This is a large issue because small towns are magnets for poorer people and repellants for skilled people.{{sfn|Atkinson|2009|p=271}} In one study, Atkinson dives into research in a small town, [[Aberdeen, Eastern Cape|Aberdeen]] in the East Cape. Also as previously mentioned, Atkinson finds that this area has shown signs of gentrification. This is due to redevelopment which indicates clearly the reflection of middle-class values.{{sfn|Atkinson|2009|p=272}} In this [[urbanization]] of the area, Atkinson finds that there is clear dependence on state-programs which leads to further development and growth of the area, this multiplier of the economy would present a benefit of gentrification.{{sfn|Atkinson|2009|p=274}} The author then attributes the positive growth with the benefits in gentrification by examining the increase in housing opportunities.{{sfn|Atkinson|2009|p=276}}

Then, by surveying the recent newcomers to the area, Atkinson's research found that there is confidence for local economic growth which further indicated shifts to middle-class values, therefore, gentrification.{{sfn|Atkinson|2009|p=277}} This research also demonstrated growth in "modernizers" which demonstrate the general belief of gentrification where there is value for architectural heritage as well as urban development.{{sfn|Atkinson|2009|p=284}} Lastly, Atkinson's study found that the gentrification effects of growth can be accredited to the increase in unique or scarce skills to the municipality which revived interest in the growth of the local area. This gentrification of the area would then negative impact the poorer demographics where the increase in housing would displace and exclude them from receiving benefits. In conclusion, after studying the small town of Aberdeen, Atkinson finds that "Paradoxically, it is possible that gentrification could promote economic growth and employment while simultaneously increasing class inequality."{{sfn|Atkinson|2009|p=284}}

Historically, Garside notes that due to the Apartheid, the [[Inner city|inner cities]] of [[Cape Town]] was cleared of non-white communities. But because of the [[Group Areas Act]], some certain locations were controlled for such communities. Specifically, [[Woodstock, Cape Town|Woodstock]] has been a racially mixed community with a compilation of European settlers (such as the [[Afrikaners]] and the [[1820 Settlers]]), [[Eastern European Jews]], immigrants from [[Angola]] and [[Mozambique]], and the [[Coloureds|coloured]] [[Capetonian]]s. For generations, these groups lived in this area characterizing it be a working-class neighborhood.{{sfn|Garside |1993|p=31}} But as the times changed and restrictions were relaxed, Teppo and Millstein observes that the community became more and more "gray" as in a combination between white and mixed communities.{{sfn|Lees|Shin|López-Morales|2015|p=431}}

Then this progression continues to which Garside finds that an exaggeration as more middle-income groups moved into the area. This emigration resulted in a distinct split between Upper Woodstock and Lower Woodstock. Coupled with the emergence of a strong middle-class in South Africa, Woodstock became a destination for convenience and growth. While Upper Woodstock was a predominantly white area, Lower Woodstock then received the attention of the mixed middle-income community. This increase in demand for housing gave landlords incentives to raise prices to profit off of the growing wealth in the area. The 400-500% surge in the [[Real estate business|housing market]] for Woodstock thus displaced and excluded the working-class and retired who previously resided in the community.{{sfn|Garside |1993|p=33}} Furthermore, Garside states that the progression of gentrification was accentuated by the fact that most of the previous residents would only be renting their living space.{{sfn|Garside |1993|p=32}} Both Teppo and Millstein would find that this displacement of large swaths of communities would increase demand in other areas of Woodstock or inner city slums.{{sfn|Lees|Shin|López-Morales|2015|p=430}}

The ''[[Bo-Kaap]]'' pocket of [[Cape Town]] nestles against the slopes of Signal Hill. It has traditionally been occupied by members of South Africa's minority, mainly Muslim, [[Cape Malay]] community. These descendants of artisans and political captives, brought to the Cape as early as the 18th century as slaves and indentured workers, were housed in small barrack-like abodes on what used to be the outskirts of town. As the city limits increased, property in the Bo-Kaap became very sought after, not only for its location but also for its picturesque cobble-streets and narrow avenues. Increasingly, this close-knit community is "facing a slow dissolution of its distinctive character as wealthy outsiders move into the suburb to snap up homes in the City Bowl at cut-rate prices".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vocfm.co.za/index.php?%26section%3Dnews%26category%3D%26vocnews%3D%26article%3D12096|title=Bo-Kaap gentrification sees residents evicted|website=Voice of the Cape|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723235708/http://www.vocfm.co.za/index.php?&section=news&category=&vocnews=&article=12096|archive-date=23 July 2011|url-status=dead|access-date=13 July 2010}}</ref>  Inter-community conflict has also arisen as some residents object to the sale of buildings and the resultant eviction of long-term residents.

In another specific case, Millstein and Teppo discovered that working-class residents would become embattled with their landlords. On Gympie Street, which has been labeled as the most dangerous street in Cape Town, it was home to many of the working-class. But as gentrification occurred, landlords brought along tactics to evict low-paying [[tenants]] through non-payment clauses. One landlord who bought a building cheaply from an auction, immediately raised the rental price which would then proceed to court for [[eviction]]s. But, the tenants were able to group together to make a strong case to win. Regardless of the outcome, the landlord resorted to turning off both power and water in the building. The tenants then were exhausted out of motivation to fight. One tenant described it as similar to living in a shack which would be the future living space one displaced.{{sfn|Lees|Shin|López-Morales|2015|p=434}} Closing, the Teppo and Millstein's research established that gentrification's progress for urban development would coincide with a large displacement of the poorer communities which also excluded them from any benefits to gentrification. The authors state, "The end results are the same in both cases: in the aftermath of the South African negotiated revolution, the elite colonize the urban areas from those who are less privileged, claiming the city for themselves."{{sfn|Lees|Shin|López-Morales|2015|p=437}}