Editing Gender (section)

=== Climate change ===
{{Main|Climate change and gender}}
Gender is a topic of increasing concern within [[climate change]] policy and science.<ref name="Olsson">Olsson, Lennart'' et al.'' (2014) [https://ipcc-wg2.gov/AR5/images/uploads/WGIIAR5-Chap13_FINAL.pdf "Livelihoods and Poverty"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028162950/https://ipcc-wg2.gov/AR5/images/uploads/WGIIAR5-Chap13_FINAL.pdf |date=28 October 2014 }}, pp. 793–832 in ''Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.'' Ed. C.B. Field et al. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.</ref> Generally, gender approaches to climate change address gender-differentiated [[effects of climate change|consequences of climate change]], as well as unequal [[adaptation to global warming|adaptation]] capacities and gendered contribution to climate change. Furthermore, the intersection of climate change and gender raises questions regarding the complex and [[intersectionality|intersecting]] power relations arising from it. These differences, however, are mostly not due to biological or physical differences, but are formed by the social, institutional and legal context. Subsequently, [[vulnerability]] is less an intrinsic feature of women and girls but rather a product of their marginalization.<ref name="Birkmann">Birkmann, Joern et al. (2014)[https://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg2/ar4-wg2-chapter19.pdf "Emergent Risks and Key Vulnerabilities"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140923002713/https://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg2/ar4-wg2-chapter19.pdf |date=23 September 2014 }}, pp. 1039–1099 in ''Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.'' Ed. C.B. Field et al. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.</ref>
Roehr<ref name="Roehr">Roehr, Ulrike (2007). [https://www.unep.org/roa/Amcen/Projects_Programme/climate_change/PreCop15/Proceedings/Gender-and-climate-change/Roehr_Gender_climate.pdf "Gender, Climate Change and Adaptation. Introduction to the Gender Dimensions"] {{Webarchive|url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20150517003436/https://unep.org/roa/amcen/Projects_Programme/climate_change/PreCop15/Proceedings/Gender-and-climate-change/Roehr_Gender_climate.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://unep.org/roa/amcen/Projects_Programme/climate_change/PreCop15/Proceedings/Gender-and-climate-change/Roehr_Gender_climate.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |date=17 May 2015 }}. unep.org</ref> notes that, while the [[United Nations]] officially committed to [[gender mainstreaming]], in practice gender equality is not reached in the context of climate change policies. This is reflected in the fact that discourses of and negotiations over climate change are mostly dominated by men.<ref name="MacGregor" /><ref name="Tuana">{{Cite book | doi = 10.1007/978-94-007-5518-5_2| chapter = Gendering Climate Knowledge for Justice: Catalyzing a New Research Agenda| title = Research, Action and Policy: Addressing the Gendered Impacts of Climate Change| pages = 17–31| year = 2013| last1 = Tuana | first1 = N. | isbn = 978-94-007-5517-8}}</ref><ref name="Boyd">Boyd, Emily (2009). [https://archive.today/20141027174654/https://practicalaction.metapress.com/content/j61l8q/?genre=issue&id=doi:10.3362/9781780440088 "The Noel Kempff Project in Bolivia: Gender, Power, and Decision-Making in Climate Mitigation"], pp. 101–110 in ''Climate Change and Gender Justice''. Geraldine Terry and Caroline Sweetman (eds.). Warwickshire: Practical Action Publishing, Oxfam GB.</ref>
Some feminist scholars hold that the debate on climate change is not only dominated by men but also primarily shaped in 'masculine' principles, which limits discussions about climate change to a perspective that focuses on technical solutions.<ref name="Tuana" /> This perception of climate change hides subjectivity and power relations that actually condition climate-change policy and science, leading to a phenomenon that Tuana<ref name="Tuana" /> terms 'epistemic injustice'.
Similarly, MacGregor<ref name="MacGregor">{{Cite journal|year=2010|title=A stranger silence still: The need for feminist social research on climate change|journal=The Sociological Review|volume=57|issue=2_suppl|pages=124–140|doi=10.1111/j.1467-954X.2010.01889.x|last1=MacGregor|first1=S.|s2cid=141663550}}</ref> attests that by framing climate change as an issue of 'hard' natural scientific conduct and natural security, it is kept within the traditional domains of hegemonic masculinity.<ref name="MacGregor" /><ref name="Boyd" />