Editing Freemasonry (section)

=== Freemasonry in the Middle East ===
{{Further|History of Freemasonry#Freemasonry in the Middle East|label1=Freemasonry in the Middle East}}
After the failure of the [[Revolutions of 1830#In Italy|1830 Italian revolution]], a number of Italian Freemasons were forced to flee. They secretly set up an approved chapter of [[Scottish Rite]] in [[Alexandria]], a town already inhabited by a large Italian community. Meanwhile, the French Freemasons publicly organised a local chapter in Alexandria in 1845.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=M. Landau|first=Jacob|date=1965|title=Prolegomena to a study of secret societies in modern Egypt|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00263206508700010?journalCode=fmes20|journal=Middle Eastern Studies|publisher=Routledge|volume=1|issue=2|page=139|doi=10.1080/00263206508700010|via=Tandfonline | issn = 0026-3206}}</ref> During the 19th and 20th century [[Ottoman Empire]], Masonic lodges operated widely across all parts of the empire and numerous [[Tariqa|Sufi orders]] shared a close relationship with them. Many [[Young Turks]] affiliated with the [[Bektashi Order|Bektashi order]] were members and patrons of Freemasonry. They were also closely allied against [[European imperialism]]. Many Ottoman intellectuals believed that [[Sufism]] and Freemasonry shared close similarities in doctrines, spiritual outlook and mysticism.<ref>{{Cite book|last=De Poli|first=Barbara|title=Freemansonry and the Orient: Esotericisms between the East and the West|publisher=Edizioni Ca' Foscari-Digital publishing|year=2019|isbn=978-8869693397|pages=75–86|chapter=Chapter 6: Sufi and Freemasons in the Ottoman Empire 6.1 ʿAbd Al-Qādir Al-Jazāʾirī}}</ref>