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===Exchange rates=== Average for each year, in US dollars and euros per pound; and inversely: £ per US$ and €. ([[XEU|Synthetic Euro XEU]] before 1999). These averages conceal wide intra-year spreads. The [[coefficient of variation]] gives an indication of this. It also shows the extent to which the pound tracks the euro or the dollar. Note the effect of [[Black Wednesday]] in late 1992 by comparing the averages for 1992 and for 1993. {{col-begin}} {{col-2}} {| class="wikitable" |- !Year ||£/US$ ||US$/£ ||[[Coefficient of variation|C.var]]|| ||£/XEU ||XEU/£||C.var |- |1990 || £0.5633 || $1.775 || || || £0.7161 || ₠1.397 || |- |1991 || £0.5675 || $1.762 || || || £0.7022 || ₠1.424 || |- |1992 || £0.5699 || $1.755 || || || £0.7365 || ₠1.358 || |- |1993 || £0.6663 || $1.501 || || || £0.7795 || ₠1.283 || |- |1994 || £0.6536 || $1.53 || || || £0.7742 || ₠1.292 || |- |1995 || £0.6338 || $1.578 || || || £0.82 || ₠1.22 || |- |1996 || £0.6411 || $1.56 || || || £0.8029 || ₠1.245 || |- |1997 || £0.6106 || $1.638 || || || £0.6909 || ₠1.447 || |- |1998 || £0.6037 || $1.656 || || || £0.6779 || ₠1.475 || |- |1999 || £0.6185 || $1.617 || || || £0.6595 || €1.516 || |- |2000 || £0.6609 || $1.513 || || || £0.6099 || €1.64 || |- |2001 || £0.6943 || $1.44 || || || £0.6223 || €1.607 || |- |2002 || £0.6664 || $1.501 || || || £0.6289 || €1.59 || |- |2003 || £0.6123 || $1.633 || || || £0.6924 || €1.444 || |- |2004 || £0.5461 || $1.832 || 2.26% || || £0.6787 || €1.474 || 1.92% |} {{col-2}} {|class="wikitable" |- !Year ||£/US$ ||US$/£ ||C.var|| ||£/€ ||€/£||C.var |- |2005 || £0.55 || $1.82 || 3.47% || || £0.6842 || €1.462 || 1.27% |- |2006 || £0.5435 || $1.842 || 3.79% || || £0.6821 || €1.466 || 1.11% |- |2007 || £0.4999 || $2.001 || 1.97% || || £0.6848 || €1.461 || 2.4% |- |2008 || £0.5499 || $1.835 || || || £0.7964 || €1.226 || |- |2009 || £0.641 || $1.566 || || || £0.8914 || €1.123 || |- |2010 || £0.6474 || $1.546 || 1.27% || || £0.8586 || €1.166 || 3.83% |- |2011 || £0.6231 || $1.605 || 3.81% || || £0.8684 || €1.151 || 1.286% |- |2012 || £0.6310 || $1.585 || 2.74% || || £0.8112 || €1.233 || 0.712% |- |2013 || £0.6650<ref name="IRS1">{{cite web |url=https://www.irs.gov/individuals/international-taxpayers/yearly-average-currency-exchange-rates |title=Yearly Average Currency Exchange Rates |publisher=IRS}}</ref> || $1.503 || 5.17% || || £0.8496<ref name="OANav">{{cite web |url=https://www.oanda.com/currency/average |title=Average Exchange Rate |publisher=Oanda}}</ref> || €1.177 || 4.54% |- |2014 || £0.6320<ref name=IRS1/> || $1.582 || 5.25% || || £0.8060<ref name=OANav/> || €1.240 || 5.35% |- |2015 || £0.6810<ref name=IRS1/> || $1.468 || 7.20% || || £0.7262<ref name=OANav/> || €1.377 || 11.04% |- |2016 || £0.770<ref name=IRS1/> || $1.299 || || || £0.8193<ref name="ExRateUK">{{cite web |url=https://www.exchangerates.org.uk/GBP-EUR-spot-exchange-rates-history-2016.html |title=Exchange Rate History |publisher=ExRates}}</ref> || €1.2242 || |- |2017 || £0.808<ref name=IRS1/> || $1.238 || || || £0.8766<ref name=ExRateUK/>|| €1.1414 || |- |2018 || £0.750<ref name=IRS1/> || $1.333 || || || £0.885<ref name=ExRateUK/> || €1.1301 || |- |2019 || £0.748<ref name=IRS1/> || $1.337 || || || £0.8773<ref name=ExRateUK/> || €1.1405 || |- |} {{col-end}} : For consistency and comparison purposes, coefficient of variation is measured on both the "per £" ratios, although it is conventional to show the forex rates as dollars per £ and £ per euro.
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