Editing Economy of Hungary (section)

=== Social stratification ===
As most post-communist countries, Hungary's economy is affected by its social stratification in terms of income and wealth, age, gender and racial inequalities.<ref>Júlia Varga, "Returns to education in Hungary." ''Acta Oeconomica'' 47.1/2 (1995): 203–215 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/40729611 online].</ref>

[[File:Lorenz curve of Denmark, Hungary, and Namibia.png|thumb|[[Lorenz curve]] of [[Denmark]], Hungary, and [[Namibia]]]]Hungary's [[Gini coefficient]] of 0.269<ref name="distribution_of_inco">{{cite web |url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DATASTATISTICS/Resources/table2_7.pdf |title=Distribution of income or consumption |year= 2007 |publisher=World Bank |access-date=21 December 2009}}</ref> ranks 11th in the world.<ref name="a_dollar_a_day___pov">{{cite web |url=http://library.thinkquest.org/05aug/00282/flash_map.swf |title=A Dollar A Day – Poverty Overview – Gini Coefficient Map |format=swf |access-date=21 December 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019105111/http://library.thinkquest.org/05aug/00282/flash_map.swf |archive-date=19 October 2012}}</ref> The graph on the right shows that Hungary is close in equality to the world-leader [[Denmark]]. The highest 10% of the population gets 22.2% of the incomes.<ref name="distribution_of_inco"/> According to the business magazine ''[[Napi Gazdaság]]'', the owner of the biggest fortune, 300 billion HUF, is [[Sándor Demján]].<ref name="richest_hungarian_co">{{cite web |url=http://www.realdeal.hu/20080620/richest-hungarian-continues-to-get-richer |title=Richest Hungarian continues to get richer |date=20 June 2008 |access-date=21 December 2009 |archive-date=6 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090306060256/http://realdeal.hu/20080620/richest-hungarian-continues-to-get-richer |url-status=dead}}</ref> On the other hand, the lowest 10% gets 4% of the incomes. Considering the standard EU indicators (Percentage of the population living under 60% of the per capita median income), 13% of the Hungarian population is stricken by poverty.<ref name="national_programme_f">{{cite web |url=http://www.szmm.gov.hu/download.php?ctag=download&docID=21170 |title=National Programme for the European Year for Combating Poverty and Social Exclusion |publisher=Ministry of Social Affairs and Labour|page=2 |access-date=21 December 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721105058/http://www.szmm.gov.hu/download.php?ctag=download&docID=21170 |archive-date=21 July 2011}}</ref> According to the [[Human Development Report]], the country's [[Human Poverty Index|HPI-1]] value is 2.2% (3rd among 135 countries),<ref name="human_development_re">{{cite web |url=http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/country_fact_sheets/cty_fs_HUN.html |title=Human Development Report 2009 – Hungary |year=2009 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme |access-date=21 December 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091012093648/http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/country_fact_sheets/cty_fs_HUN.html |archive-date=12 October 2009}}</ref> and its [[HDI]] value is 0.879 (43rd out of 182).<ref name="human_development_re"/>

[[File:Age Pyramid of Hungary.png|thumb|right|180px|[[Population pyramid]] of Hungary]]
The fertility rate in Hungary, just like in many European countries, is very low: 1.34 children/women (205th in the world)<ref name="key_development_data">{{cite web |url=http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/DATASTATISTICS/0,,contentMDK:20535285~menuPK:1192694~pagePK:64133150~piPK:64133175~theSitePK:239419,00.html |title=Key Development Data & Statistics |publisher=World Bank |access-date=21 December 2009}}</ref> Life expectancy at birth is 73.3 years.,<ref name="key_development_data"/> while the expected number of healthy years is 57.6 for females and 53.5 for males. The average life expectancy overall is 73.1 years.<ref name="healthy_life_years_a">{{cite web |url=http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&language=en&pcode=tsien180&plugin=1 |title=Healthy life years at birth by gender |year= 2007 |publisher=Eurostat |access-date=21 December 2009}}</ref>

Hungary's [[Gender-related Development Index|GDI (gender-related development index)]] value of 0.879<ref name="human_development_re"/> is 100% of its HDI value (3rd best in the world).<ref name="human_development_re"/> 55.5% of the female population (between 15 and 64) participate in the labour force, and the ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary education is 99%.<ref name="key_development_data"/>

Ethnic inequality, which strikes primarily [[Roma in Hungary]], is a serious problem. Although the definition of the Roma identity is controversial,<ref name="1026roma_employment_in_h">{{cite web |url=http://www.personal.ceu.hu/staff/Gabor_Kezdi/WorkingPapers/Kertesi-Kezdi-2009-RomaEmployment.pdf |title=Roma Employment in Hungary After the Post-Communist Transition |author1=Gábor Kertesi |author2=Kábor Kézdi |location=Budapest |access-date=27 December 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612015012/http://www.personal.ceu.hu/staff/Gabor_Kezdi/WorkingPapers/Kertesi-Kezdi-2009-RomaEmployment.pdf |archive-date=12 June 2011}}</ref> qualitative studies prove that the Roma employment rate decreased significantly following the [[fall of Communism]]:<ref name="5488inequality_and_discr">{{cite web |url=http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/ewco/2007/08/HU0708019I.htm |title=Inequality and discrimination in employment |date=21 January 2008 |access-date=27 December 2009}}</ref> due to the tremendous layoffs of unskilled workers<ref name="9905roma_children_in_the">{{cite web |url=https://ideas.repec.org/p/has/bworkp/0508.html |title=Roma children in the transformational recession – Widening ethnic schooling gap and Roma poverty in post-communist Hungary |author1=Gábor Kertesi |author2=Gábor Kézdi |year=2005 |location=Budapest|access-date=27 December 2009}}</ref> during the transition years, more than one-third of Roma were excluded from the labour market.<ref name="8956roma_foglalkoztat_s_">{{cite web |url=http://www.econ.core.hu/doc/bwp/bwp/Bwp0504.pdf |title=Roma foglalkoztatás az ezredfordulón (Roma Employment on the Turn of Millennium) |author=Gábor Kertesi |language=hu |year=2005 |location=Budapest |access-date=27 December 2009 |archive-date=16 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716120225/http://www.econ.core.hu/doc/bwp/bwp/Bwp0504.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Therefore, this ethnic conflict is inherently interconnected with the income inequalities in the country<ref name="4730the_income_situation">{{cite web |url=http://www.tarki.hu/adatbank-h/kutjel/pdf/a738.pdf |title=The Income Situation of Gypsy Families |author=Béla Janky |year=2005 |publisher=TÁRKI |location=Budapest |access-date=27 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718130039/http://www.tarki.hu/adatbank-h/kutjel/pdf/a738.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> – at least two-thirds of the poorest 300,000 people in Hungary are Romas.<ref name="4730the_income_situation"/> Furthermore, ethnic discrimination is outstandingly high, 32% of Romas experience discrimination when looking for work.<ref name="4150data_in_focus_report">{{cite web |url=http://fra.europa.eu/fraWebsite/attachments/EU-MIDIS_ROMA_EN.pdf |title=Data in Focus Report: The Roma |year=2009 |publisher=European Union [[Fundamental Rights Agency]] |access-date=27 December 2009 |archive-date=1 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100401042741/http://fra.europa.eu/fraWebsite/attachments/EU-MIDIS_ROMA_EN.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> Consequently, new Roma entrants to the labour market are rarely able to find employment,<ref name="8956roma_foglalkoztat_s_"/> which creates a motivation deficit and further reinforces [[Racial segregation|segregation]] and unemployment.<ref name="6994a_hern_d_v_lgyi_rom_">{{cite web|url=http://www.autonomia.hu/index.jsp?id=33&main=51&akt=33&lang=hu |title=A Hernád-völgyi romák munkaerőpiaci felzárkóztatása – A program helyszínének bemutatása (Convergence of Roma Employment in the Hernád Valley–Introducing the Setting of the Program) |publisher=Autonómia Alapítvány |language=hu |location=Budapest |access-date=27 December 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090405162042/http://www.autonomia.hu/index.jsp?id=33&main=51&akt=33&lang=hu |archive-date=5 April 2009}}</ref>