Editing Early Islamic philosophy (section)

===Truth===
In [[metaphysics]], [[Avicenna]] (Ibn Sina) defined truth as:

{{blockquote|"What corresponds in the mind to what is outside it."<ref>Osman Amin (2007), "Influence of Muslim Philosophy on the West", ''Monthly Renaissance'' '''17''' (11).</ref>}}

Avicenna elaborated on his definition of truth in his ''[[Metaphysics]]'':

{{blockquote|"The truth of a thing is the property of the being of each thing which has been established in it."<ref name=Aertsen>Jan A. Aertsen (1988), ''Nature and Creature: Thomas Aquinas's Way of Thought'', p. 152. Brill, {{ISBN|90-04-08451-7}}.</ref>}}

In his ''Quodlibeta'', [[Thomas Aquinas]] wrote a commentary on Avicenna's definition of truth in his ''Metaphysics'' and explained it as follows:

{{blockquote|"The truth of each thing, as Avicenna says in his ''Metaphysica'', is nothing else than the property of its being which has been established in it. So that is called true gold which has properly the being of gold and attains to the established determinations of the nature of gold. Now, each thing has properly being in some nature because it stands under the complete form proper to that nature, whereby being and species in that nature is."<ref name=Aertsen/>}}

Early [[#Political philosophy|Islamic political philosophy]] emphasized an inexorable link between science and religion and emphsized the process of [[ijtihad]] to find truth.

[[Ibn al-Haytham]] (Alhacen) reasoned that to discover the truth about nature, it is necessary to eliminate human opinion and error, and allow the universe to speak for itself.<ref name="Ibn Al-Haytham">{{Cite news|url=http://www.ibnalhaytham.com/discover/who-was-ibn-al-haytham/|title=Who was Ibn al-Haytham - Ibn Al-Haytham|work=Ibn Al-Haytham|access-date=2018-01-19|language=en-US|archive-date=2018-01-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129082341/http://www.ibnalhaytham.com/discover/who-was-ibn-al-haytham/|url-status=live}}</ref> In his ''Aporias against Ptolemy'', Ibn al-Haytham further wrote the following comments on truth:

{{blockquote|"Truth is sought for itself [but] the truths, [he warns] are immersed in uncertainties [and the scientific authorities (such as Ptolemy, whom he greatly respected) are] not immune from error..."<ref name=Sabra/>}}

{{blockquote|"Therefore, the seeker after the truth is not one who studies the writings of the ancients and, following his natural disposition, puts his trust in them, but rather the one who suspects his faith in them and questions what he gathers from them, the one who submits to argument and demonstration, and not to the sayings of a human being whose nature is fraught with all kinds of imperfection and deficiency. Thus the duty of the man who investigates the writings of scientists, if learning the truth is his goal, is to make himself an enemy of all that he reads, and, applying his mind to the core and margins of its content, attack it from every side. He should also suspect himself as he performs his critical examination of it, so that he may avoid falling into either prejudice or leniency."<ref name=Sabra/>}}

{{blockquote|"I constantly sought knowledge and truth, and it became my belief that for gaining access to the [[Wiktionary:effulgence|effulgence]] and closeness to God, there is no better way than that of searching for truth and knowledge."<ref name=Plott/>}}