Editing Duke (section)

=== Slavic and nearby countries ===
Generally, confusion reigns whether to translate the usual ruler titles, ''[[knyaz]]/ knez/ książe'' etc. as Prince (analogous to the German Fürst) or as Duke;
* In splintered [[Poland]] petty principalities generally ruled by branches of the earlier Polish [[Piast dynasty]] are regarded as duchies in translated titulary. Examples of such: [[Kujavia]], [[Masovia]], [[Sandomierz|Sandomir]], [[Greater Poland]] and [[Kalisz]] as well as various minor duchies, often short-lived or in personal union or merger, named after their capitals, mainly in the regions known as [[Lesser Poland|Little Poland]] and [[Greater Poland]], including (there are often also important Latin or German forms) [[Kraków]], [[Łęczyca]] and [[Sieradz]].
* In [[Pomerelia]] and [[Pomerania]] (inhabited by the Kashubians, different Slavic people from the Poles proper), branches of native ruling dynasties were usually recognized as dukes, quite similarly to the pattern in Poland.
* In Russia, before the imperial unification from [[Grand Duchy of Moscow|Muscovy]]; sometimes even as vassal, tributary to a Tartar [[Khan (title)|Khan]]; later, in Peter the Great's autocratic empire, the russification '''gertsog''' was used as the Russian rendering of the German ducal title ''Herzog'', especially as (the last) part of the full official style of the Russian Emperor: ''Gertsog Shlesvig-Golstinskiy, Stormarnskiy, Ditmarsenskiy I Oldenburgskiy I prochaya, I prochaya, i prochaya'' "Duke of Schleswig-Holstein [see above], [[Stormarn (gau)|Stormarn]], [[Dithmarschen]] and Oldenburg, and of other lands", in chief of German and Danish territories to which the Tsar was dynastically linked.
* In Bohemia was [[Duchy of Krumlov]], and short-lived [[Napoleon II of France|Duchy of Reichstadt]] and [[Duchy of Friedland]].
* In [[Silesia]] were many petty duchies as [[Duchy of Brzeg]], [[Duchy of Legnica]], [[Duchy of Zator]] and [[Duchy of Racibórz]]. They were vassals of [[List of rulers of Bohemia|King of Bohemia]].
*In [[Lithuania]], the approximate equivalent of a duke or prince was called ''kunigaikštis'' in the Lithuanian language.  Latin translation was ''dux'' meaning "duke" in the Middle Ages, whereas Latin for "prince" is ''princeps''.  The overall leader of the Lithuanian dukes ([[Lithuanian language|Lith.]] plural: ''kunigaikščiai'') was the [[grand duke]] ([[Lithuanian language|Lith.]]: ''didysis kunigaikštis'', [[Latin language|Latin]]: ''magnus dux''), who acted as the monarch of the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]] until 1795 when Russians took over the land.