Editing Data warehouse (section)

==In healthcare==
In the [[healthcare]] sector, data warehouses are critical components of [[health informatics]], enabling the integration, storage, and analysis of large volumes of clinical, administrative, and operational data. These systems consolidate information from disparate sources such as [[electronic health record]]s (EHRs), [[laboratory information system]]s, [[picture archiving and communication system]]s (PACS), and [[medical billing]] platforms. By centralizing data, healthcare data warehouses support a range of functions including [[population health]], [[clinical decision support system|clinical decision support]], quality improvement, [[public health surveillance]], and [[medical research]].

Healthcare data warehouses often incorporate specialized data models that account for the complexity and sensitivity of medical data, such as temporal information (e.g., longitudinal patient histories), coded terminologies (e.g., [[ICD-10]], [[SNOMED CT]]), and compliance with privacy regulations (e.g., [[Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act|HIPAA]] in the United States or [[General Data Protection Regulation|GDPR]] in the European Union).

Following is a list of major patient data warehouses with broad scope (not disease- or [[medical specialty|specialty]]-specific), with variables including laboratory results, pharmacy, age, race, socioeconomic status, comorbidities and longitudinal changes:
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Major patient data warehouses with broad scope 
! Warehouse !! Sponsor !! Main location !! Extent !! Access
|-
| Epic '''Cosmos'''<ref name=Fayanju2025>{{cite journal |vauthors=Fayanju OM, Haut ER, Itani K |title=Practical Guide to Clinical Big Data Sources |journal=JAMA Surg |volume=160 |issue=3 |pages=344–346 |date=March 2025 |pmid=39775674 |doi=10.1001/jamasurg.2024.6006 |url=}}</ref> || [[Epic Systems]] || [[United States]] || 296<ref>{{cite web|title=Epic Cosmos|website=Epic Systems website|url=https://cosmos.epic.com/|accessdate=2025-04-13}}</ref> million patients || Free for participating organizations
|-
| '''PCORnet'''<ref name=Fayanju2025/> || [[Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute]] (PCORI) || United States || 140 million patients || Free for participating organizations
|-
| '''OLDW''' (OptumLabs Data Warehouse) || [[Optum]] || United States || 160<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.ucsf.edu/research/oldw|website=University of California San Francisco|title=OptumLabs Data Warehouse (OLDW)|accessdate=2025-04-13}}</ref> million patients || For a fee, or for free through certain academic institutions<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.medschool.umaryland.edu/cibr/core/optumlabs/?utm_source=chatgpt.com|title=Optum Labs|website=University of Maryland|accessdate=2025-04-13}}</ref>
|-
| '''EHDEN'''<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Voss EA, Blacketer C, van Sandijk S, Moinat M, Kallfelz M, van Speybroeck M, Prieto-Alhambra D, Schuemie MJ, Rijnbeek PR |title=European Health Data & Evidence Network-learnings from building out a standardized international health data network |journal=J Am Med Inform Assoc |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=209–219 |date=December 2023 |pmid=37952118 |pmc=10746315 |doi=10.1093/jamia/ocad214 |url=}}</ref> (European Health Data Evidence Network) || Innovative Health Initiative of the [[European Union]] || [[Europe]] || 133 million patients || Free for discovery. May have fees for secondary use.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.european-health-data-space.com/European_Health_Data_Space_Article_42_%28Proposal_3.5.2022%29.html|title=Articles of the European Health Data Space (EHDS), Article 42, Fees|website=The European Health Data Space (EHDS)|accessdate=2025-04-13}}</ref>
|}

These warehouses enable data-driven healthcare by supporting retrospective studies, [[comparative effectiveness research]], and [[predictive analytics]], often with the use of [[Artificial intelligence in healthcare|healthcare-applied artificial intelligence]].