Editing Crete (section)

===Ottoman rule===
{{Main|Ottoman Crete|Cretan Turks|Cretan Revolt (1866–1869)}}

[[File:Vue du siege de Candie en 1669.jpg|thumb|250px|The [[Siege of Candia]], regarded as one of the longest sieges in history, lasted from 1648 to 1669.]]
[[File:A-3-37-68-Crete.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Nicolas Sanson]]. Crete in 1651]]
[[File:Crete - ethnic map, 1861.jpg|thumb|250px|Ethnic makeup of the island in 1861 {{legend|#4b8ab2|[[Greek Orthodox]]}} {{legend|#b43a3e|[[Cretan Muslim]]/[[Turkish people|Turkish]]}}]]
[[File:Mosquée Kara Musa Pasha.JPG|thumb|250px|[[Kara Musa Pasha]] mosque, [[Rethymno]]]]

The Ottomans [[Cretan War (1645–1669)|conquered Crete]] (Girit Eyâleti) in 1669, after the [[siege of Candia]] with the last Venetian strongholds off Crete falling in the last [[Ottoman–Venetian War (1714–1718)|Ottoman–Venetian War]] in 1715. Many Greek Cretans fled to other regions of the [[Republic of Venice]] after the [[Ottoman–Venetian Wars]], some even prospering such as the family of [[Simone Stratigo]] (c. 1733 – c. 1824) who migrated to [[Dalmatia]] from Crete in 1669.<ref name="Carlo Capra, Franco Della Peruta, Fernando Mazzocca 2002 pp.200">{{cite book |last1=Capra |first1=Carlo |title=Napoleone e la repubblica italiana: 1802–1805 |last2=Peruta |first2=Franco Della |last3=Mazzocca |first3=Fernando |publisher=Skira |year=2002 |isbn=978-88-8491-415-6 |location=Milan |page=200 |language=it |trans-title=Napoleon and the Italian Republic: 1802–1805 |quote=Simone Stratico, nato a Zara nel 1733 da famiglia originaria di Creta (abbandonata a seguito della conquista turca del 1669)}}</ref>

[[Islamic]] presence on the island, aside from the interlude of the [[Emirate of Crete|Arab occupation]], was cemented by the [[Ottoman wars in Europe|Ottoman conquest]]. Most [[Cretan Muslims]] were local Greek converts who spoke Cretan [[Greek language|Greek]], but in the island's 19th-century political context they came to be viewed by the Christian population as Turks.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Tziovas |first=Dimitris |title=Greece and the Balkans: Identities, Perceptions and Cultural Encounters Since the Enlightenment |publisher=Routledge |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-7546-0998-8 |location=London }}</ref>{{pages needed|date=November 2024}} Contemporary estimates vary, but in 1830, as much as 45% of the population of the island may have been Muslim.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Yale |first=William |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.537153 |title=The Near East: A Modern History |publisher=University of Michigan Press |year=1958 |location=Ann Arbor |pages=129–145 |chapter=IX: Trouble in Crete and the Balkans |lccn=58-62524 |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> A number of [[Sufi]] orders were widespread throughout the island, the [[Bektashi]] order being the most prevalent,<ref name="Morrow2019–28">{{Cite book |last=Morrow |first=John Andrew |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LTWEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28 |title=Finding W. D. Fard: Unveiling the Identity of the Founder of the Nation of Islam |date=2019 |publisher=[[Cambridge Scholars Publishing]] |isbn=978-1-5275-2489-7 |page=28 |language=en |quote=...Cretan Muslims used Greek to express their Bektashi Islamic sentiment. After all, Islam in Crete was profoundly influenced by the Bektahi Sufi Order.}}</ref> possessing at least five [[tekkes]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}} Many Cretan Muslims fled Crete because of sectarian violence, settling in Turkey, Rhodes, Syria, Libya and elsewhere.<ref name="Ionian">{{Cite book |last=Smith |first=Michael Llewellyn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E4OuoSFztt8C&pg=RA1-PA86 |title=Ionian Vision: Greece in Asia Minor, 1919–1922 |date=1998 |publisher=Hurst |isbn=978-1-85065-368-4 |pages=87–88}}</ref> By 1900, 11% of the population was Muslim. Those remaining were relocated in the 1924 [[population exchange between Greece and Turkey]].<ref name=":0" />{{pages needed|date=November 2024}}

During the [[Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)]], a revolt against Ottoman rule in Crete was started by [[Daskalogiannis]], a shipowner from [[Sfakia]] who was promised support by the Russian navy which never arrived. Daskalogiannis eventually surrendered to the Ottoman authorities.<ref>{{cite book |last=Detorakis |first=Theocharis |title=Κρήτη: Ιστορία καί Πολιτισμός |publisher=Vikelea Municipial Library |year=1988 |isbn=978-0-00-797002-5 |editor-last=Panagiotakis |editor-first=Nikolaos M. |volume=II |location=Heraklion |pages=333–436 |language=Greek |trans-title=Crete: History and Culture |chapter=Η Τουρκοκρατία στην Κρήτη |trans-chapter=Turkish Rule in Crete}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=http://www.scribd.com/doc/31933094/Dictionary-of-Wars |title=Dictionary of Wars |publisher=Infobase |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-4381-2916-7 |editor-last=Kohn |editor-first=George C. |edition=3rd |location=New York |pages=155 |access-date=2024-11-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109192640/http://www.scribd.com/doc/31933094/Dictionary-of-Wars |archive-date=2013-11-09 |via=Scribd}}</ref> On 17 June 1771 Daskalogiannis was, in the full daylight of publicity, tortured, skinned alive and then beaten to death, an ordeal that he endured in complete silence.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Papoutsakis |first=Niko |date=2001-05-22 |title=Daskalogiannis: Skinned Alive by the Turks |url=http://stigmes.gr/br/brpages/articles/daskalogiannis.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010522034644/http://stigmes.gr/br/brpages/articles/daskalogiannis.htm |archive-date=2001-05-22 |access-date=2024-11-28 |website=Stigmes Online}}</ref> Today, [[Chania International Airport]] is named after him.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hatzipanagos |first=George |title=Ioannis Daskalogiannis International Airport |url=http://www.hcaa-eleng.gr/hania.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101217165602/http://hcaa-eleng.gr/hania.htm |archive-date=17 December 2010 |access-date=28 December 2010 |website=Greek Airports |publisher=[[Hellenic Civil Aviation Authority]]}}</ref>

During the [[Greek War of Independence]], Sultan [[Mahmud II]] granted rule over Crete to Egypt's ''de facto'' ruler [[Muhammad Ali of Egypt|Muhammad Ali Pasha]] in exchange for his military support. Crete was subsequently left out of the new Greek state established under the [[London Protocol of 1830]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dodwell |first=Henry |url=https://archive.org/details/founderofmoderne0000dodw |title=The Founder of Modern Egypt: A Study of Muhammad Ali |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1967 |edition=2nd |pages=242–258 |chapter=VIII: Muhammad Ali's Government in Crete and Syria |isbn=978-0-404-12036-8 |lccn=31-22265 |url-access=registration |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> Its administration by Muhammad Ali was confirmed in the [[Convention of Kütahya]] of 1833, but direct Ottoman rule was re-established by the [[Convention of London (1840)|Convention of London]] of 3 July 1840.<ref name=":1" />

Heraklion was surrounded by high walls and bastions and extended westward and southward by the 17th century. The most opulent area of the city was the northeastern quadrant where the elite were gathered. The city had received another name under the rule of the Ottomans, "the deserted city" following its destruction after the [[Siege of Candia]]. The urban policy that the Ottoman applied to Candia was a two-pronged approach.<ref name="Greene"/> The first was the religious endowments. It made the Ottoman elite contribute to building and rehabilitating the ruined city. The other method was to boost the population and the urban revenue by selling off urban properties. According to Molly Greene (2001) there were numerous records of [[real-estate]] transactions during the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] rule. In the deserted city, minorities received equal rights in purchasing property. Christians and Jews were also able to buy and sell in the real-estate market.

The [[Cretan Revolt (1866–69)|Cretan Revolt of 1866–1869]] or Great Cretan Revolution ({{langx|el|links=no|Κρητική Επανάσταση του 1866}}) was a three-year uprising against Ottoman rule, the third and largest in a series of revolts between the end of the Greek War of Independence in 1830 and the establishment of the independent Cretan State in 1898. A particular event which caused strong reactions among the liberal circles of western Europe was the ''Holocaust of Arkadi''. The event occurred in November 1866, as a large Ottoman force besieged the [[Arkadi Monastery]], which served as the headquarters of the rebellion. In addition to its 259 defenders, over 700 women and children had taken refuge in the monastery. After a few days of hard fighting, the Ottomans broke into the monastery. At that point, under orders from the [[hegumen]] (abbot) of the monastery, the Cretans blew up barrels of gunpowder, choosing to sacrifice themselves rather than surrender. The subsequent explosion resulted the death of most of the rebels and the women and children sheltered there.<ref name="Provatakis75">{{harvp|Provatakis|1980|p=75}}</ref> Thirty-six insurgents had found refuge in the refectory, near the ammunitions. Discovered by the Ottomans, who forced the door, they were massacred.<ref name="Provatakis75"/>