Editing Cornish language (section)

=== Cornish studies ===
[[William Scawen]] produced a manuscript on the declining Cornish language that continually evolved until he died in 1689, aged 89. He was one of the first to realise the language was dying out and wrote detailed manuscripts which he started working on when he was 78. The only version that was ever published was a short first draft but the final version, which he worked on until his death, is a few hundred pages long.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Spriggs |first=Matthew |date=1 May 2005 |title=William Scawen (1600-1689) - A Neglected Cornish Patriot and Father of the Cornish Language Revival |url=http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/10.1386/corn.13.1.98_1 |journal=Cornish Studies |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=98–125 |doi=10.1386/corn.13.1.98_1 |issn=1352-271X}}</ref> At the same time a group of scholars led by [[John Keigwin]] (nephew of William Scawen) of Mousehole tried to preserve and further the Cornish language and chose to write in Cornish. One of their number, [[Nicholas Boson]], tells how he had been discouraged from using Cornish to servants by his mother.<ref>{{cite ODNB|title=Boson family (per. c. 1675–1730), preservers of the Cornish language |url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-74428 |access-date=20 September 2021 |date=2004 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/74428 |isbn=9780198614128}}</ref> This group left behind a large number of translations of parts of the Bible, proverbs and songs. They were contacted by the Welsh linguist [[Edward Lhuyd]], who came to Cornwall to study the language.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ellis |first=Peter Berresford |author-link=Peter Berresford Ellis |title=The Cornish Language and Its Literature |date=1974 |publisher=[[Routledge|Routledge & Kegan Paul]] |isbn=9780710079282 |pages=82–94, 100–108}}</ref>

Early Modern Cornish was the subject of a study published by Lhuyd in 1707,<ref name="Lhuyd">{{cite book |last=Lhuyd |first=Edward |author-link=Edward Lhuyd |date=1707 |title=Archæologia Britannica: Giving some account additional to what has been hitherto publish'd, of the languages, histories and customs of the original inhabitants of Great Britain, from collections and observations in travels through Wales, Cornwall, Bas-Bretagne, Ireland, and Scotland; Vol. I. Glossography |location=Oxford |publisher=Edward Lhuyd and Mr. Bateman}}</ref> and differs from the medieval language in having a considerably simpler structure and grammar. Such differences included sound changes and more frequent use of auxiliary verbs.{{sfn|Wmffre|1998|p=4}} The medieval language also possessed two additional tenses for expressing past events and an extended set of possessive suffixes.

[[John Whitaker (historian)|John Whitaker]], the Manchester-born rector of [[Ruan Lanihorne]], studied the decline of the Cornish language. In his 1804 work ''the Ancient Cathedral of Cornwall'' he concluded that: "[T]he English Liturgy, was not desired by the Cornish, but forced upon them by the tyranny of England, at a time when the English language was yet unknown in Cornwall. This act of tyranny was at once gross barbarity to the Cornish people, and a death blow to the Cornish language."<ref>{{cite book |last=Jago |first=Fred W. P. |author-link=Fred W. P. Jago |orig-year=1882 |title=The Ancient Language and the Dialect of Cornwall |location=New York |publisher=AMS Press |date=1983 |pages=4}} Originally published in Netherton and Worth, Truro.</ref>

Robert Williams published the first comprehensive Cornish dictionary in 1865, the {{lang|la|Lexicon Cornu-Britannicum}}. As a result of the discovery of additional ancient Cornish manuscripts, 2000 new words were added to the vocabulary by [[Whitley Stokes (scholar)|Whitley Stokes]] in ''A Cornish Glossary''. William C. Borlase published ''Proverbs and Rhymes in Cornish'' in 1866 while ''A Glossary of Cornish Names'' was produced by John Bannister in the same year. [[Fred W. P. Jago|Frederick Jago]] published his ''English–Cornish Dictionary'' in 1882.

In 2002, the Cornish language gained new recognition because of the European Charter for Regional and Minority Languages. Conversely, along with government provision was the governmental basis of "New Public Management", measuring quantifiable results as means of determining effectiveness. This put enormous pressure on finding a single orthography that could be used in unison. The revival of Cornish required extensive rebuilding. The Cornish orthographies that were reconstructed may be considered versions of Cornish because they are not traditional sociolinguistic variations. In the middle-to-late twentieth century, the debate over Cornish orthographies angered more people because several language groups received public funding. This caused other groups to sense favouritism as playing a role in the debate.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Sayers |first=Dave |date=2012 |title=Standardising Cornish: The Politics Of A New Minority Language |url=http://shura.shu.ac.uk/10586 |journal=[[Language Problems and Language Planning]] |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=99–119 |doi=10.1075/lplp.36.2.01say |s2cid=143909573 |access-date=24 April 2017}}</ref>

A governmental policymaking structure called New Public Management (NPM) has helped the Cornish language by managing public life of the Cornish language and people. In 2007, the [[Cornish Language Partnership|Cornish Language Partnership MAGA]] represents separate divisions of government and their purpose is to further enhance the Cornish Language Developmental Plan. MAGA established an Ad-Hoc Group, which resulted in three orthographies being presented. The relations for the Ad-Hoc Group were to obtain consensus among the three orthographies and then develop a "single written form". The result was creating a new form of Cornish, which had to be natural for both new learners and skilled speakers.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Review of ''Faction and Faith. Politics and Religion of the Cornish Gentry before the Civil War; Law, Order and Government in Caernarfonshire, 1558–1640'' by Anne Duffin; ''Law, Order and Government in Caernarfonshire, 1558–1640. Justices of the Peace and the Gentry'' by John Gwynfor Jones |last=Holmes |first=Clive |journal=The English Historical Review |date=1998 |volume=113 |issue=450 |pages=177–179 |jstor=576240 |doi=10.1093/ehr/CXIII.450.177}}</ref>