Editing Concrete (section)

=== Volcanic ===
Volcanic concrete substitutes volcanic rock for the limestone that is burned to form clinker. It consumes a similar amount of energy, but does not directly emit carbon as a byproduct.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Lavars|first=Nick|date=2021-06-10|title=Stanford's low-carbon cement swaps limestone for volcanic rock|url=https://newatlas.com/materials/stanfords-low-carbon-cement-volcanic-rock/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-11|website=New Atlas|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610065226/https://newatlas.com/materials/stanfords-low-carbon-cement-volcanic-rock/ |archive-date=10 June 2021 }}</ref> Volcanic rock/ash are used as supplementary cementitious materials in concrete to improve the resistance to sulfate, chloride and alkali silica reaction due to pore refinement.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Celik |first1=K. |last2=Jackson |first2=M.D. |last3=Mancio |first3=M. |last4=Meral |first4=C. |last5=Emwas |first5=A.-H. |last6=Mehta |first6=P.K. |last7=Monteiro |first7=P.J.M. |title=High-volume natural volcanic pozzolan and limestone powder as partial replacements for portland cement in self-compacting and sustainable concrete |journal=Cement and Concrete Composites |date=January 2014 |volume=45 |pages=136–147 |doi=10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2013.09.003 |hdl=11511/37244 |s2cid=138740924 |url=https://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/6mq3j474 }}</ref> Also, they are generally cost effective in comparison to other aggregates,<ref name=Lemougna>{{cite journal |last1=Lemougna |first1=Patrick N. |last2=Wang |first2=Kai-tuo |last3=Tang |first3=Qing |last4=Nzeukou |first4=A.N. |last5=Billong |first5=N. |last6=Melo |first6=U. Chinje |last7=Cui |first7=Xue-min |title=Review on the use of volcanic ashes for engineering applications |journal=Resources, Conservation and Recycling |date=October 2018 |volume=137 |pages=177–190 |doi=10.1016/j.resconrec.2018.05.031 |bibcode=2018RCR...137..177L |s2cid=117442866 }}</ref> good for semi and light weight concretes,<ref name=Lemougna/> and good for thermal and acoustic insulation.<ref name=Lemougna/>

Pyroclastic materials, such as pumice, scoria, and ashes are formed from cooling magma during explosive volcanic eruptions. They are used as supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) or as aggregates for cements and concretes.<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1016/b0-12-369396-9/00153-2 |chapter=Pyroclastics |title=Encyclopedia of Geology |date=2005 |last1=Brown |first1=R.J. |last2=Calder |first2=E.S. |pages=386–397 |isbn=978-0-12-369396-9 }}</ref> They have been extensively used since ancient times to produce materials for building applications. For example, pumice and other volcanic glasses were added as a natural pozzolanic material for mortars and plasters during the construction of the Villa San Marco in the Roman period (89 BC – 79 AD), which remain one of the best-preserved otium villae of the Bay of Naples in Italy.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Izzo |first1=Francesco |last2=Arizzi |first2=Anna |last3=Cappelletti |first3=Piergiulio |last4=Cultrone |first4=Giuseppe |last5=De Bonis |first5=Alberto |last6=Germinario |first6=Chiara |last7=Graziano |first7=Sossio Fabio |last8=Grifa |first8=Celestino |last9=Guarino |first9=Vincenza |last10=Mercurio |first10=Mariano |last11=Morra |first11=Vincenzo |last12=Langella |first12=Alessio |title=The art of building in the Roman period (89 B.C. – 79 A.D.): Mortars, plasters and mosaic floors from ancient Stabiae (Naples, Italy) |journal=Construction and Building Materials |date=August 2016 |volume=117 |pages=129–143 |doi=10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.04.101 }}</ref>