Editing Cognitive behavioral therapy (section)

===Assumptions===
Chaloult, Ngo, Cousineau and Goulet<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Chaloult |first1=Louis |title=La thérapie cognitivo-comportementale: théorie et pratique |last2=Ngo |first2=Thanh-Lan |last3=Cousineau |first3=Pierre |last4=Goulet |first4=Jean |publisher=Gaëtan Morin |year=2008 |isbn=9782896320219 |pages=68–80}}</ref> have attempted to identify the main assumptions of cognitive therapy used in CBT based on the research literature (Beck;<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Beck AT | date = 1979 | title = Cognitive Therapy and the Emotional Disorders | publisher = Plume | isbn = 978-0-452-00928-8 }}</ref> Walen and Wessler;<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Walen |first1=Susan R. |title=A practitioner's guide to rational-emotive therapy |last2=DiGiuseppe |first2=Raymond |last3=Wessler |first3=Richard L. |date=1980 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-502667-2 |location=New York}}</ref> Beck, Emery and Greenberg,<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Beck |first1=Aaron |title=Anxiety Disorders And Phobias: A Cognitive Perspective |last2=Emery |first2=Gary |last3=Greenberg |first3=Ruth L |publisher=[[Basic Books]] |year=1985 |isbn=9780465003853}}</ref> and Auger<ref>{{Cite book |last=Auger |first=Lucien |title=La démarche émotivo-rationnelle |publisher=Éditions Ville-Marie |year=1986 |isbn=978-2891941532}}</ref>). They describe fourteen assumptions:
# Human emotions are primarily caused by people's thoughts and perceptions rather than events.
# Events, thoughts, emotions, behaviors, and physiological reactions influence each other.
# Dysfunctional emotions are typically caused by unrealistic thoughts. Reducing dysfunctional emotions requires becoming aware of irrational thoughts and changing them.
# Human beings have an innate tendency to develop irrational thoughts. This tendency is reinforced by their environment.
# People are largely responsible for their own dysfunctional emotions, as they maintain and reinforce their own beliefs.
# Sustained effort is necessary to modify dysfunctional thoughts, emotions, and behaviors.
# Rational thinking usually causes a decrease in the frequency, intensity, and duration of dysfunctional emotions, rather than an absence of affect or feelings.
# A positive therapeutic relationship is essential to successful cognitive therapy.
# Cognitive therapy is based on a teacher-student relationship, where the therapist educates the client.
# Cognitive therapy uses [[Socratic questioning]] to challenge cognitive distortions.
# Homework is an essential aspect of cognitive therapy. It consolidates the skills learned in therapy.
# The cognitive approach is active, directed, and structured.
# Cognitive therapy is generally short.
# Cognitive therapy is based on predictable steps.

These steps largely involve learning about the CBT model; making links between thoughts, emotions, behaviors, and physiological reactions; noticing when dysfunctional emotions occur; learning to question the thoughts associated with these emotions; replacing irrational thoughts with others more grounded in reality; modifying behaviors based on new interpretations of events; and, in some cases, learning to recognize and change the major beliefs and attitudes underlying cognitive distortions.

Chaloult, Ngo, Cousineau and Goulet have also described the assumptions of behavioral therapy as used in CBT.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Chaloult |first1=Louis |title=La thérapie cognitivo-comportementale: théorie et pratique |last2=Ngo |first2=Thanh-Lan |last3=Cousineau |first3=Pierre |last4=Goulet |first4=Jean |publisher=Gaëtan Morin |year=2008 |isbn=9782896320219 |pages=18–21}}</ref> They refer to the work of Agras,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Agras |first=WS |title=Kaplan & Sadock's Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry |publisher=Williams and Wilkins |year=1995 |isbn=978-1-4511-0047-1 |editor-last=Kaplan |editor-first=HI |edition=6th |location=Philadelphia |chapter=Behavior Therapy |editor-last2=Sadock |editor-first2=BJ }}</ref> Prochaska and Norcross,<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Prochaska |first1=James O. |title=Systems of psychotherapy: a transtheoretical analysis |last2=Norcross |first2=John C. |date=1994 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-088041-5 |location=New York, NY}}</ref> and Kirk.<ref>{{Citation |last=Kirk |first=Joan |title=Cognitive–behavioural assessment |date=1989 |work=Cognitive Behaviour Therapy for Psychiatric Problems |pages=13–51 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780192615879.003.0002 |publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/med:psych/9780192615879.003.0002 |isbn=978-0-19-261587-9 }}</ref> The assumptions are:
# Behaviors play an essential role in the onset, perpetuation and exacerbation of psychopathology.
# [[behaviorism|Learning theory]] is key in understanding the treatment of mental illness, as behaviors can be learned and unlearned.
# A rigorous evaluation ([[applied behavior analysis]]) is essential at the start of treatment. It includes identifying behaviors; precipitating, moderating, and perpetuating factors; the consequences of the behaviors; avoidance, and personal resources.
# The effectiveness of the treatment is monitored throughout its duration.
# Behavior therapy is scientific and the different forms of treatment are evaluated with rigorous evidence.
# Behavior therapy is active, directed, and structured.

Together, these sets of assumptions cover the cognitive and behavioral aspects of CBT.