Editing Chrysler Building (section)

== Impact <span class="anchor" id="Influence"></span> ==

=== Reception ===
The completed Chrysler Building garnered mixed reviews in the press. Van Alen was hailed as the "Doctor of Altitude" by ''[[American Institute of Architects#Magazine|Architect]]'' magazine, while architect [[Kenneth Murchison]] called Van Alen the "Ziegfeld of his profession", comparing him to popular [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] producer [[Florenz Ziegfeld Jr.]]<ref name="Gray 1998" />{{sfn|Murchison|1930|p=24}} The building was praised for being "an expression of the intense activity and vibrant life of our day", and for "teem[ing] with the spirit of modernism, ... the epitome of modern business life, stand[ing] for progress in architecture and in modern building methods."{{sfn|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1978|p=4}}{{sfn|Murchison|1930|p=78}}<ref>{{cite magazine|first=Eugene|last=Clute|title=The Chrysler Building|journal=Architectural Forum|volume=53|date=October 1930|page=406}}</ref> An anonymous critic wrote in ''[[Architectural Forum]]''{{'s}} October 1930 issue: "The Chrysler...stands by itself, something apart and alone. It is simply the realization, the fulfillment in metal and masonry, of a one-man dream, a dream of such ambitions and such magnitude as to defy the comprehension and the criticism of ordinary men or by ordinary standards."<ref name="Skyscraper_Museum" />{{sfn|Curcio|2001|p=400}} Walter Chrysler himself regarded the building as a "monument to me".<ref name="nyt-2024-07-12" />

The journalist [[George S. Chappell]] called the Chrysler's design "distinctly a stunt design, evolved to make the man in the street look up".<ref name="Gray 1998" />{{sfn|Stern|Gilmartin|Mellins|1987|p=609}} [[Douglas Haskell]] stated that the building "embodies no compelling, organic idea",<ref name="Gray 1998" /> and alleged that Van Alen had abandoned "some of his best innovations in behalf of stunts and new 'effects'".{{sfn|Stern|Gilmartin|Mellins|1987|p=608}} Others compared the Chrysler Building to "an upended swordfish",{{sfn|Nash|McGrath|1999|p=65}}<ref>{{cite web|last=Stephens|first=Bret|title=New York as Skyscraper|website=The Wall Street Journal|date=August 3, 2008|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB121762156747405585|access-date=November 4, 2017}}</ref> or claimed it had a "[[Little Nemo]]"-like design.{{sfn|Nash|McGrath|1999|p=65}} Lewis Mumford, a supporter of the [[International Style (architecture)|International Style]] and one of the foremost architectural critics of the United States at the time, despised the building for its "inane romanticism, meaningless voluptuousness, [and] void symbolism".<ref name="Lewis 2005">{{cite web|last=Lewis|first=Michael J.|title=Dancing to New Rules, a Rhapsody in Chrome|website=The New York Times|date=May 26, 2005|issn=0362-4331|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/05/26/garden/dancing-to-new-rules-a-rhapsody-in-chrome.html|access-date=November 4, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|first=Lewis|last=Mumford|title=Notes on Modern Architecture|magazine=The New Republic|volume=66|date=March 18, 1931|page=120}}</ref>{{sfn|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1978|p=4}} The public also had mixed reviews of the Chrysler Building, as Murchison wrote: "Some think it's a freak; some think it's a stunt."{{sfn|Stern|Gilmartin|Mellins|1987|p=610}}{{sfn|Murchison|1930|p=24}} The architectural professor Gail Fenske said that, although the Chrysler Building was criticized as "too theatrical" at the time of its completion, the general public quickly took a liking to "the city's crowning skyscraper".<ref name="Pascus a585" />

Later reviews were more positive. Architect [[Robert A. M. Stern]] wrote that the Chrysler Building was "the most extreme example of the [1920s and 1930s] period's stylistic experimentation", as contrasted with 40 Wall Street and its "thin" detailing.{{sfn|Stern|Gilmartin|Mellins|1987|pp=605–606}} George H. Douglas wrote in 2004 that the Chrysler Building "remains one of the most appealing and awe-inspiring of skyscrapers".{{sfn|Douglas|2004|p=95}} Architect [[Le Corbusier]] called the building "hot jazz in stone and steel".{{sfn|Miller|2015|p=259}} Architectural critic [[Ada Louise Huxtable]] stated that the building had "a wonderful, decorative, evocative aesthetic", while [[Paul Goldberger]] noted the "compressed, intense energy" of the lobby, the "magnificent" elevators, and the "magical" view from the crown.<ref name="Louie 2005">{{Cite news|issn=0362-4331|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/05/26/garden/how-it-sparkled-in-the-skyline.html|title=How It Sparkled in the Skyline|last=Louie|first=Elaine|date=May 26, 2005|work=The New York Times|access-date=November 7, 2017}}</ref> Anthony W. Robins said the Chrysler Building was "one-of-a-kind, staggering, romantic, soaring, the embodiment of 1920s skyscraper pizzazz, the great symbol of Art Deco New York".{{sfn|Robins|2017|p=81}} Kim Velsey of ''Curbed'' said that the building "is unabashedly over the top" because of "its steel gargoyles, Moroccan marble lobby, and illuminated spire".<ref name="Velsey r667" />

The LPC said that the tower "embodies the romantic essence of the New York City skyscraper".{{sfn|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1978|p=1}} [[Pauline Frommer]], in the travel guide ''[[Frommer's]]'', gave the building an "exceptional" recommendation, saying: "In the Chrysler Building we see the roaring-twenties version of what Alan Greenspan called 'irrational exuberance'—a last burst of corporate headquarter building before stocks succumbed to the thudding crash of 1929."<ref name="frommers" />

=== As icon ===
The Chrysler Building appears in several films set in New York<ref name="bs20050529">See: * {{cite web|url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/2005/05/29/in-its-own-little-empire-chrysler-building-is-film-star-too/|title=In its own little empire, Chrysler Building is film star, too|last=Barry|first=Dan|date=May 29, 2005|website=The Baltimore Sun|access-date=November 6, 2017|archive-date=June 9, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170609221755/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2005-05-29/entertainment/0505280417_1_chrysler-building-empire-state-building-manhattan|url-status=live}} * {{cite web|last=Barry|first=Dan|title=In the Background, but No Bit Player|website=The New York Times|date=May 26, 2005|issn=0362-4331|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/05/26/garden/in-the-background-but-no-bit-player.html|access-date=November 6, 2017}}</ref> and is widely considered one of the most positively acclaimed buildings in the city.{{sfn|Binder|2006|pp=62–63}}<ref name="jayebee.com" /> A 1996 survey of New York architects revealed it as their favorite, and ''The New York Times'' described it in 2005 as "the single most important emblem of architectural imagery on the New York skyline".<ref name="Lewis 2005" /> In mid-2005, the [[Skyscraper Museum]] in [[Lower Manhattan]] asked 100 architects, builders, critics, engineers, historians, and scholars, among others, to choose their 10 favorites among 25 of the city's towers. The Chrysler Building came in first place, with 90 respondents placing it on their ballots.<ref>{{cite news|title=In a City of Skyscrapers, Which Is the Mightiest of the High? Experts Say It's No Contest|first=David W.|last=Dunlap|issn=0362-4331|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/01/nyregion/in-city-of-skyscrapers-which-is-the-mightiest-of-the-high.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=September 1, 2005|access-date=April 8, 2008}}</ref> In 2007, the building ranked ninth among 150 buildings in the AIA's ''[[List of America's Favorite Architecture according to the AIA|List of America's Favorite Architecture]]''.<ref>{{cite web|website=FavoriteArchitecture.org|publisher=AIA|url=http://favoritearchitecture.org/afa150.php|title=List of America's Favorite Architecture|year=2007|access-date=September 27, 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510113118/http://favoritearchitecture.org/afa150.php|archive-date=May 10, 2011}}</ref>

The Chrysler Building is widely heralded as an Art Deco icon. ''[[Fodor's]] New York City 2010'' described the building as being "one of the great art deco masterpieces"{{sfn|Hart|2009|p=123}} which "wins many a New Yorker's vote for the city's most iconic and beloved skyscraper".{{sfn|Hart|2009|p=129}} ''Frommer's'' states that the Chrysler was "one of the most impressive Art Deco buildings ever constructed".<ref name="frommers">{{cite web|title=Chrysler Building|website=Frommer's Travel Guides|url=http://www.frommers.com/destinations/new-york-city/attractions/chrysler-building|access-date=October 20, 2017}}</ref> ''[[Insight Guides]]''{{'}} 2016 edition maintains that the Chrysler Building is considered among the city's "most beautiful" buildings.<ref>{{cite book|title=Insight Guides: Explore New York|publisher=APA|series=Insight Explore Guides|year=2014|isbn=978-1-78005-703-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pKwxBgAAQBAJ|access-date=November 8, 2017}}</ref> Its distinctive profile has inspired similar skyscrapers worldwide, including [[One Liberty Place]] in [[Philadelphia]],<ref>{{cite news|last=Goldberger|first=Paul|issn=0362-4331|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/11/15/arts/architecture-view-giving-new-life-to-philadelphia-s-skyline.html|title=Giving New Life to Philadelphia's Skyline|quote=The tower resembles nothing so much as the Chrysler Building...|newspaper=The New York Times|date=November 15, 1987|access-date=September 27, 2010}}</ref> [[Two Prudential Plaza]] in [[Chicago]],<ref>{{cite news|last=Gapp|first=Paul|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1990-12-23-9004150913-story.html|title=Too Prudent|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|date=December 23, 1990|access-date=March 17, 2021}}</ref> and the [[Al Kazim Towers]] in [[Dubai]].<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |publisher=National Engineering Bureau |entry=Al Kazim Towers; overview with Media City Buildings |encyclopedia=ART on FILE: Contemporary Architecture, Urban Design and Public Art |jstor=community.14740821|title=Al Kazim Towers; overview with Media City Buildings |author=National Engineering Bureau}}</ref> In addition, the [[New York-New York Hotel and Casino]] in [[Paradise, Nevada]], contains the "Chrysler Tower",<ref>{{cite web |title=New York-New York |url=https://www.emporis.com/buildings/122180/new-york-new-york-las-vegas-nv-usa |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150321211318/http://www.emporis.com/buildings/122180/new-york-new-york-las-vegas-nv-usa |url-status=usurped |archive-date=March 21, 2015 |website=Emporis |access-date=March 23, 2022}}</ref> a replica of the Chrysler Building measuring 35 or 40 stories tall.<ref name="nyt-1997-01-15">{{Cite news|last=Goldberger|first=Paul|date=January 15, 1997|title=New York-New York, It's a Las Vegas Town|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/01/15/nyregion/new-york-new-york-it-s-a-las-vegas-town.html|access-date=August 18, 2022|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=New York Looms Large in Las Vegas | website=Chicago Tribune | date=January 3, 1997 | url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1997-01-03-9701040154-story.html | access-date=August 19, 2022}}</ref> A portion of the hotel's interior was also designed to resemble the Chrysler Building's interior.<ref name="nyt-1997-01-15" />

=== In media ===
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While seen in many films, the Chrysler Building almost never appears as a main setting in them, prompting architect and author [[James Sanders (architect)|James Sanders]] to quip it should win "the Award for Best Supporting Skyscraper".<ref name="bs20050529" /> The building was supposed to be featured in the 1933 film ''[[King Kong (1933 film)|King Kong]]'', but only makes a [[cameo appearance|cameo]] at the end thanks to its producers opting for the Empire State Building in a central role.<ref name="bs20050529" /> The Chrysler Building appears in the background of ''[[The Wiz (film)|The Wiz]]'' (1978); as the setting of much of ''[[Q - The Winged Serpent]]'' (1982); in the initial credits of ''The Shadow of the Witness'' (1987); and during or after apocalyptic events in ''[[Independence Day (1996 film)|Independence Day]]'' (1996), ''[[Armageddon (1998 film)|Armageddon]]'' (1998), ''[[Deep Impact (film)|Deep Impact]]'' (1998), ''[[Godzilla (1998 film)|Godzilla]]'' (1998), and ''[[A.I. Artificial Intelligence]]'' (2001).<ref name="bs20050529" /> The building also appears in other films, such as ''[[Spider-Man (2002 film)|Spider-Man]]'' (2002),<ref>{{cite web|title=Spider-Man's Movie Guide To The Real New York City|website=CBS New York|date=July 27, 2010|url=http://newyork.cbslocal.com/guide/spider-mans-movie-guide-to-the-real-new-york-city/|access-date=November 6, 2017}}</ref> ''[[Fantastic Four: Rise of the Silver Surfer]]'' (2007),<ref>{{cite book|last=Sanderson|first=P.|title=The Marvel Comics Guide to New York City|publisher=Gallery Books|year=2007|isbn=978-1-4165-3141-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u4PMIT0Rv7cC&pg=PA49|access-date=November 6, 2017|page=49}}</ref> ''[[Two Weeks Notice]]'' (2002),<ref name="bs20050529" /> ''[[The Sorcerer's Apprentice (2010 film)|The Sorcerer's Apprentice]]'' (2010),<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.villagevoice.com/2010/07/13/the-sorcerers-apprentice-more-magical-than-expected/|title=The Sorcerer's Apprentice: More Magical Than Expected|last=Pinkerton|first=Nick|date=July 13, 2010|newspaper=[[The Village Voice]]|access-date=September 9, 2019}}</ref> ''[[The Avengers (2012 film)|The Avengers]]'' (2012)<ref>{{cite book |first1=Helmut |last1=Anheier |first2=Marcus |last2=Lam |first3=David B. |last3=Howard |editor1-last=Halle |editor1-first=David |editor2-last=Beveridge |editor2-first=Andrew |title=New York and Los Angeles: The Uncertain Future |date=2013 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-977838-6 |page=505 |url=https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199778386.001.0001/acprof-9780199778386 |access-date=April 27, 2022 |chapter=The Nonprofit Sector in New York City and Los Angeles}}</ref> and ''[[Men in Black 3]]'' (2012).<ref name="nyt-2024-07-12" /><ref>{{cite web|last=McCarthy|first=Erin|title=Inside Men in Black III's Chrysler Building Time Jump|website=Popular Mechanics|date=May 25, 2012|url=http://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/digital/visual-effects/inside-men-in-black-3s-chrysler-building-time-jump-9130426|access-date=November 6, 2017}}</ref> The building is mentioned in the number "[[It's the Hard Knock Life]]" for the musical ''[[Annie (musical)|Annie]]'',<ref>{{cite web|last=Brockes|first=Emma|title=Annie reminds New York it can shine like the top of the Chrysler building|website=The Guardian|date=November 5, 2012|url=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/emma-brockes-blog/2012/nov/05/annie-new-york-shine-broadway|access-date=November 6, 2017}}</ref> and it is the setting for the post-game content in the [[Square Enix|Squaresoft]] video game ''[[Parasite Eve (video game)|Parasite Eve]]''.<ref>{{cite web|last=Glick|first=Brian|title=Parasite Eve – Review|url=https://archive.rpgamer.com/games/pe/pe/reviews/pestrev3.html|year=2017|website=RPGamer|access-date=September 18, 2020}}</ref> In addition, the introductory scenes of the TV show ''[[Sex and the City]]'' depict the Chrysler Building.<ref name="nyt-2024-07-12" />

In December 1929, Walter Chrysler hired [[Margaret Bourke-White]] to take publicity images from a scaffold {{convert|400|ft|m}} high.{{sfn|Stern|Gilmartin|Mellins|1987|p=76}}<ref>{{cite book|last=Keller|first=E.|title=Margaret Bourke-White: A Photographer's Life|publisher=Lerner|series=Lerner Biographies|year=1996|isbn=978-0-8225-4916-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BXgNCY5QZlwC&pg=PA52|access-date=November 6, 2017|pages=52–53}}</ref>{{sfn|Bascomb|2004|p=232}} She was deeply inspired by the new structure and especially smitten by the massive eagle's-head figures projecting off the building.<ref>{{cite web |title=Photographs – New York Auction, 4 April 2023 – 167 – Margaret Bourke-White – Gargoyle, Chrysler Building, New York City |url=https://www.phillips.com/detail/margaret-bourkewhite/NY040123/167 |date=2023 |website=Phillips Auction House |access-date=April 14, 2023}}</ref> According to one account, Bourke-White wanted to live in the building for the duration of the photo shoot, but the only person able to do so was the janitor, so she was instead relegated to co-leasing a studio with [[Time Inc.]]<ref name="Louie 2005" /> In 1930, several of her photographs were used in a special report on skyscrapers in the then-new ''[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]'' magazine.<ref>{{cite web|last=Bascomb|first=Neal|title=Before the Crash: Bringing in the Blue Chips|website=The New York Times|date=May 26, 2005|issn=0362-4331|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/05/26/garden/before-the-crash-bringing-in-the-blue-chips.html|access-date=November 6, 2017}}</ref> Bourke-White worked in a 61st-floor studio designed by [[John Vassos]]{{sfn|Stern|Gilmartin|Mellins|1987|p=76}}<ref name="Louie 2005" /> until she was evicted in 1934.<ref name="Louie 2005" /> That year, Bourke-White's partner Oscar Graubner took a famous photo called "Margaret Bourke-White atop the Chrysler Building", which depicts her taking a photo of the city's skyline while sitting on one of the 61st-floor eagle ornaments.{{sfn|Stern|Gilmartin|Mellins|1987|p=76}}<ref>{{cite web|title=&#91;Margaret Bourke-White atop the Chrysler Building&#93;|website=Library of Congress|url=https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2011660317/|access-date=November 6, 2017}}</ref> On October 5, 1998, [[Christie's]] auctioned the photograph for $96,000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gary.saretzky.com/photohistory/mbwcatLR.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061221005154/http://gary.saretzky.com/photohistory/mbwcatLR.pdf |archive-date=December 21, 2006 |url-status=live|title=Margaret Bourke-White In Print: An Exhibition, Exhibition at Archibald S. Alexander Library, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, January–June 2006|year=2006|first=Gary D.|last=Saretzky|page=3|access-date=November 6, 2017}}</ref>

The Chrysler Building has been the subject of other photographs as well. During a January 1931 dance organized by the Society of Beaux-Arts, six architects, including Van Alen, were photographed while wearing costumes resembling the buildings that each architect designed.<ref>{{cite web|last=Gray|first=Christopher|title=A New Age of Architecture Ushered in Financial Gloom|website=The New York Times|date=January 1, 2006|issn=0362-4331|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/01/realestate/a-new-age-of-architecture-ushered-in-financial-gloom.html|access-date=November 6, 2017|postscript=none}}; {{cite book|last=Dupre|first=Judith|title=Skyscrapers|publisher=Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers, Incorporated|year=2001|isbn=978-1-57912-153-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vYXcngEACAAJ|access-date=November 6, 2017|pages=36–37}}</ref> In 1991, the photographer [[Annie Leibovitz]] took pictures of the dancer [[David Parsons (dancer)|David Parsons]] reclining on a ledge near the top of the building.<ref>{{cite web |date=October 8, 2005 |title=Parsons is dancer who's at the top |url=https://www.tampabay.com/archive/1993/02/04/parsons-is-dancer-who-s-at-the-top/ |access-date=July 12, 2024 |website=Tampa Bay Times|postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |last=Jowitt |first=Deborah |date=1998-05-03 |title=DANCE; Onward and Upward, Gambling on Success |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/05/03/arts/dance-onward-and-upward-gambling-on-success.html |access-date=2024-07-12 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

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