Editing Cholera (section)

=== Zambia ===
In [[Zambia]], widespread cholera outbreaks have occurred since 1977, most commonly in the capital city of [[Lusaka]].<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Mwaba J, Debes AK, Shea P, Mukonka V, Chewe O, Chisenga C, Simuyandi M, Kwenda G, Sack D, Chilengi R, Ali M|date=April 2020|title=Identification of cholera hotspots in Zambia: A spatiotemporal analysis of cholera data from 2008 to 2017|journal=PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases|volume=14|issue=4|pages=e0008227|doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0008227|pmc=7159183|pmid=32294084 |doi-access=free }}</ref> In 2017, an outbreak of cholera was declared in Zambia after laboratory confirmation of ''[[Vibrio cholerae]]'' O1, biotype El Tor, serotype Ogawa, from stool samples from two patients with acute watery diarrhea. There was a rapid increase in the number of cases from several hundred cases in early December 2017 to approximately 2,000 by early January 2018.<ref name="Sinyange et al 2018">{{cite journal |last1=Sinyange |first1=Nyambe |last2=Brunkard |first2=Joan M. |last3=Kapata |first3=Nathan |last4=Mazaba |first4=Mazyanga Lucy |last5=Musonda |first5=Kunda G. |last6=Hamoonga |first6=Raymond |last7=Kapina |first7=Muzala |last8=Kapaya |first8=Fred |last9=Mutale |first9=Lwito |last10=Kateule |first10=Ernest |last11=Nanzaluka |first11=Francis |last12=Zulu |first12=James |last13=Musyani |first13=Chileshe Lukwesa |last14=Winstead |first14=Alison V. |last15=Davis |first15=William W. |last16=N'cho |first16=Hammad S. |last17=Mulambya |first17=Nelia L. |last18=Sakubita |first18=Patrick |last19=Chewe |first19=Orbie |last20=Nyimbili |first20=Sulani |last21=Onwuekwe |first21=Ezinne V.C. |last22=Adrien |first22=Nedghie |last23=Blackstock |first23=Anna J. |last24=Brown |first24=Travis W. |last25=Derado |first25=Gordana |last26=Garrett |first26=Nancy |last27=Kim |first27=Sunkyung |last28=Hubbard |first28=Sydney |last29=Kahler |first29=Amy M. |last30=Malambo |first30=Warren |last31=Mintz |first31=Eric |last32=Murphy |first32=Jennifer |last33=Narra |first33=Rupa |last34=Rao |first34=Gouthami G. |last35=Riggs |first35=Margaret A. |last36=Weber |first36=Nicole |last37=Yard |first37=Ellen |last38=Zyambo |first38=Khozya D. |last39=Bakyaita |first39=Nathan |last40=Monze |first40=Namani |last41=Malama |first41=Kennedy |last42=Mulwanda |first42=Jabbin |last43=Mukonka |first43=Victor M. |title=Cholera Epidemic — Lusaka, Zambia, October 2017–May 2018 |journal=MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report |date=18 May 2018 |volume=67 |issue=19 |pages=556–559 |doi=10.15585/mmwr.mm6719a5 |pmid=29771877 |pmc=6048949 }}</ref> With intensification of the rains, new cases increased on a daily basis reaching a peak on the first week of January 2018 with over 700 cases reported.<ref>{{Cite report |date=1 October 2020 |title=Emergency Plan of Action Final Report Zambia: Cholera Outbreak Lusaka |url=https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/MDRZM011dfr.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420022015/https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/MDRZM011dfr.pdf |archive-date=2021-04-20 |url-status=live |via=International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies |id=EP-2017-000178-ZMB}}</ref>

In collaboration with partners, the Zambia Ministry of Health (MoH) launched a multifaceted public health response that included increased chlorination of the Lusaka municipal water supply, provision of emergency water supplies, water quality monitoring and testing, enhanced surveillance, epidemiologic investigations, a cholera vaccination campaign, aggressive case management and health care worker training, and laboratory testing of clinical samples.<ref name="Sinyange et al 2018"/>

The Zambian Ministry of Health implemented a reactive one-dose Oral Cholera Vaccine (OCV) campaign in April 2016 in three Lusaka compounds, followed by a pre-emptive second-round in December.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Heyerdahl LW, Pugliese-Garcia M, Nkwemu S, Tembo T, Mwamba C, Demolis R, Chilengi R, Gessner BD, Guillermet E, Sharma A|date=May 2019|title="It depends how one understands it:" a qualitative study on differential uptake of oral cholera vaccine in three compounds in Lusaka, Zambia|url= |journal=BMC Infectious Diseases|volume=19|issue=1|pages=421|doi=10.1186/s12879-019-4072-6|pmc=6518637|pmid=31088376 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

'''<big>Nigeria</big>'''

In June 2024, the [[Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention]] (NCDC) announced a total of 1,141 suspected and 65 confirmed cases of cholera with 30 deaths from 96 Local Government Areas (LGAs) in 30 states of the country.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ileyemi |first=Mariam |date=2024-06-18 |title=As cholera ravages Lagos, other Nigerian states, here is what you need to know |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth-west/704795-as-cholera-ravages-lagos-other-nigerian-states-here-is-what-you-need-to-know.html |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=Premium Times Nigeria |language=en}}</ref> NCDC, in its public health advisory, said Abia, Bayelsa, Bauchi, Cross River, Delta, Imo, Katsina, Lagos, Nasarawa and Zamfara states were the 10 states that contributed 90 percent of the burden of cholera in the country at the time.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NCDC: 30 Deaths in 30 States as Cholera Outbreak Hits Nigeria – THISDAYLIVE |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2024/06/14/ncdc-30-deaths-in-30-states-as-cholera-outbreak-hits-nigeria/ |access-date=2024-06-22 |website=www.thisdaylive.com}}</ref>