Editing Cerebral cortex (section)

==Clinical significance==
{{Further|Central nervous system disease|Developmental toxicity}}
[[File:Middle Cerebral Artery occlusion. Kentar et al Acta Neuroch 2020.gif|thumb|507x507px|Hemodynamic changes observed on gyrencephalic brain cortex after an arterial vessel occlusion in IOS. The video has a speed of 50x to better appreciate the [[Cortical spreading depression|spreading depolarization]] over the brain cortex. Pictures are dynamically subtracted to a reference picture 40 s before. First we see the initial area of change at the exact moment where the middle cerebral artery group (left) is occluded. The area is highlighted with a white line. Later we appreciate the signal produced by Spreading Depolarizations. We see markedly the front of waves.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kentar M, Mann M, Sahm F, Olivares-Rivera A, Sanchez-Porras R, Zerelles R, Sakowitz OW, Unterberg AW, Santos E | title = Detection of spreading depolarizations in a middle cerebral artery occlusion model in swine | journal = Acta Neurochirurgica | volume = 162 | issue = 3 | pages = 581–592 | date = March 2020 | pmid = 31940093 | doi = 10.1007/s00701-019-04132-8 | s2cid = 210196036 }}</ref> <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1007/s00701-019-04132-8</nowiki>]]
[[Neurodegenerative disease]]s such as [[Alzheimer's disease]], show as a marker, an atrophy of the grey matter of the cerebral cortex.<ref name="Nakazawa">{{cite journal | vauthors = Nakazawa T, Ohara T, Hirabayashi N, Furuta Y, Hata J, Shibata M, Honda T, Kitazono T, Nakao T, Ninomiya T | title = Multiple-region grey matter atrophy as a predictor for the development of dementia in a community: the Hisayama Study | journal = Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry | volume = 93 | issue = 3 | pages = 263–271 | date = March 2022 | pmid = 34670843 | pmc = 8862082 | doi = 10.1136/jnnp-2021-326611 }}</ref>

Other [[Central nervous system disease|diseases of the central nervous system]] include [[neurological disorder]]s such as [[epilepsy]], [[movement disorder]]s, and [[Aphasia#Boston classification|different types of aphasia]] (difficulties in speech expression or comprehension).

[[Brain damage]] from disease or trauma, can involve damage to a specific lobe such as in [[frontal lobe disorder]], and associated functions will be affected. The [[blood–brain barrier]] that serves to protect the brain from infection can become compromised allowing entry to [[pathogen]]s.

The [[prenatal development|developing fetus]] is susceptible to a range of environmental factors that can cause [[birth defect]]s and problems in later development. Maternal alcohol consumption for example can cause [[fetal alcohol spectrum disorder]].<ref name="Mukherjee_2006">{{cite journal | vauthors = Mukherjee RA, Hollins S, Turk J | title = Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: an overview | journal = Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine | volume = 99 | issue = 6 | pages = 298–302 | date = June 2006 | pmid = 16738372 | pmc = 1472723 | doi = 10.1177/014107680609900616 }}</ref> Other factors that can cause neurodevelopment disorders are [[Environmental toxicants and fetal development|toxicants]] such as [[drug]]s, and exposure to [[radiation]] as from [[X-ray]]s. Infections can also affect the development of the cortex. A viral infection is one of the causes of [[lissencephaly]], which results in a smooth cortex without [[gyrification]].

A type of [[electrocorticography]] called [[cortical stimulation mapping]] is an invasive procedure that involves placing [[electrode]]s directly onto the exposed brain in order to localise the functions of specific areas of the cortex. It is used in clinical and therapeutic applications including pre-surgical mapping.<ref name="Tarapore">{{cite journal | vauthors = Tarapore PE, Tate MC, Findlay AM, Honma SM, Mizuiri D, Berger MS, Nagarajan SS | title = Preoperative multimodal motor mapping: a comparison of magnetoencephalography imaging, navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation, and direct cortical stimulation | journal = Journal of Neurosurgery | volume = 117 | issue = 2 | pages = 354–362 | date = August 2012 | pmid = 22702484 | pmc = 4060619 | doi = 10.3171/2012.5.JNS112124 }}</ref>

===Genes associated with cortical disorders===
There are a number of genetic mutations that can cause a wide range of [[genetic disorder]]s of the cerebral cortex, including [[microcephaly]], [[schizencephaly]] and types of [[lissencephaly]].<ref name="Walsh">{{cite journal | vauthors = Mochida GH, Walsh CA | title = Genetic basis of developmental malformations of the cerebral cortex | journal = Archives of Neurology | volume = 61 | issue = 5 | pages = 637–640 | date = May 2004 | pmid = 15148137 | doi = 10.1001/archneur.61.5.637 | doi-access =  }}</ref> [[Chromosome abnormality|Chromosome abnormalities]] can also result causing a number of [[neurodevelopmental disorder]]s such as [[fragile X syndrome]] and [[Rett syndrome]].

[[MCPH1]] codes for [[microcephalin]], and disorders in this and in [[ASPM (gene)|ASPM]] are associated with microcephaly.<ref name="Walsh"/> Mutations in the gene [[NBS1]] that codes for [[nibrin]] can cause [[Nijmegen breakage syndrome]], characterised by microcephaly.<ref name="Walsh"/>

Mutations in [[EMX2]],<ref name="nih">{{cite web |title=EMX2 empty spiracles homeobox 2 [Homo sapiens (human)] | work = Gene – NCBI |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=2018 | publisher = National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine }}</ref> and [[COL4A1]] are associated with [[schizencephaly]],<ref name="Smigiel">{{cite journal | vauthors = Smigiel R, Cabala M, Jakubiak A, Kodera H, Sasiadek MJ, Matsumoto N, Sasiadek MM, Saitsu H | title = Novel COL4A1 mutation in an infant with severe dysmorphic syndrome with schizencephaly, periventricular calcifications, and cataract resembling congenital infection | journal = Birth Defects Research. Part A, Clinical and Molecular Teratology | volume = 106 | issue = 4 | pages = 304–307 | date = April 2016 | pmid = 26879631 | doi = 10.1002/bdra.23488 }}</ref> a condition marked by the absence of large parts of the cerebral hemispheres.