Editing Bias (section)

==Contextual biases==

===Biases in academia===
{{See also|Statistical bias}}

====Academic bias====
{{Main|Academic bias}}
Academic bias is the bias or perceived bias of [[academia|scholars]] allowing their [[belief]]s to shape their [[research]] and the [[scientific community]]. Claims of bias are often linked to claims by conservatives of pervasive bias against political conservatives and religious Christians.<ref>{{citation|last=Hibbing|first=John D|year=2014|title=Differences in negativity bias underlie variations in political ideology|journal=Behavioral and Brain Sciences|volume=37|issue=3|pages=297–350|issn=1939-1323|doi=10.1017/S0140525X13001192|pmid=24970428|hdl=1911/77132|s2cid=54466287|url=http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1069&context=poliscifacpub|hdl-access=free|access-date=2019-09-02|archive-date=2019-12-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221122248/http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1069&context=poliscifacpub|url-status=live}}</ref> Some have argued that these claims are based upon [[anecdotal evidence]] which would not reliably indicate systematic bias,<ref name="Ames 2005">{{citation|last1=Ames|first1=Barry|first2=David C|last2=Barker|first3=Chris W|last3=Bonneau|first4=Christopher J|last4=Carman|year=2005|title=Hide the Republicans, the Christians, and the Women: A Response to "Politics and Professional Advancement Among College Faculty"|journal=The Forum|volume=3|issue=2|issn=1540-8884|doi=10.2202/1540-8884.1075|s2cid=14322810}}</ref><ref name="Lee 2006">{{citation|last=Lee |first=John |date=November 2006 |title=The "Faculty Bias" Studies: Science or Propaganda |publisher=American Federation of Teachers |url=http://www.aft.org/pdfs/highered/facultybiasstudies1106.pdf |access-date=2014-01-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217043411/http://www.aft.org/pdfs/highered/facultybiasstudies1106.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-17 }}</ref><ref>{{citation|last=Giroux|first=Henry A.|year=2006|title=Academic Freedom Under Fire: The Case for Critical Pedagogy|journal=College Literature|volume=33|issue=4|pages=1–42|issn=1542-4286|doi=10.1353/lit.2006.0051|s2cid=143909432 }}</ref> and have suggested that this divide is due to [[self-selection]] of conservatives choosing not to pursue academic careers.<ref name="Ames 2005"/><ref name=Gross2>{{citation|last=Gross|first=Neil|title=Why Are Professors Liberal and Why Do Conservatives Care?|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5-VLm9EcghoC|date=9 April 2013|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0-674-07448-4|access-date=2014-01-24|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140627000945/http://books.google.com/books?id=5-VLm9EcghoC|archive-date=27 June 2014}}</ref>
There is some evidence that perception of classroom bias may be rooted in issues of [[Homophobia|sexuality]], [[Racism|race]], [[Class discrimination|class]] and [[Sexism|sex]] as much or more than in [[Religious discrimination|religion]].<ref>{{citation|last1=Boysen|first1=Guy A|first2=David L|last2=Vogel|first3=Marissa A|last3=Cope|first4=Asale|last4=Hubbard|s2cid=11334709|year=2009|title=Incidents Of Bias in College Classrooms: Instructor and Student Perceptions|journal=Journal of Diversity in Higher Education|volume=2|issue=4|pages=219–231|issn=1938-8934|doi=10.1037/a0017538}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Brady | first1 = K. L. | last2 = Eisler | first2 = R. M. | year = 1995 | title = Gender Bias in the College Classroom: A Critical Review of the Literature and Implications for Future Research | journal = Journal of Research and Development in Education | volume = 29 | issue = 1| pages = 9–19 }}</ref>

====Experimenter bias====
{{main|Experimenter's bias}}
In [[Experimental science|science research]], experimenter bias occurs when experimenter expectancies regarding [[Experiment|study]] results bias the research outcome.<ref name= Sackett>{{cite journal |last=Sackett |first=D. L. |title=Bias in analytic research |journal=Journal of Chronic Diseases |year=1979 |volume=32 |issue=1–2 |pages=51–63 |doi=10.1016/0021-9681(79)90012-2 |pmid=447779 }}</ref> Examples of experimenter bias include conscious or [[unconscious cognition|unconscious]] influences on subject behavior including creation of [[demand characteristics]] that influence subjects, and altered or [[Publication bias|selective recording of experimental results themselves]].<ref name="KantowitzIII2009">{{cite book|author1=Barry H. Kantowitz|author2=Henry L. Roediger, III|author3=David G. Elmes|title=Experimental Psychology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2-5VL8PHLsIC&pg=PA371|access-date=7 September 2013|year=2009|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-0-495-59533-5|page=371|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101061647/http://books.google.com/books?id=2-5VL8PHLsIC&pg=PA371|archive-date=1 January 2014}}</ref> It can also involve asking leading probes and not neutrally redirecting the subject back to the task when they ask for validation or questions.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last1=Geisen |first1=Emily |url=https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0CRGN8RNT |title=Bias testing in market research: A framework to enable inclusive research design |last2=Sha |first2=Mandy |last3=Roper |first3=Farren |year=2024 |isbn=979-8862902785 |publication-date=January 3, 2024 |pages=}}</ref>

====Funding bias====
{{Main|Funding bias}}
Funding bias refers to the tendency of a scientific study to support the interests of the study's financial sponsor. This phenomenon is recognized sufficiently that researchers undertake studies to examine bias in past published studies.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Krimsky | first1 = Sheldon | author-link = Sheldon Krimsky | year = 2012 | title = Do Financial Conflicts of Interest Bias Research? An Inquiry into the "Funding Effect" Hypothesis | url = http://www.tufts.edu/~skrimsky/PDF/Funding%20Effect%20and%20Bias.PDF | journal = Science, Technology, & Human Values | volume = 38 | issue = 4| pages = 566–587 | doi = 10.1177/0162243912456271 | s2cid = 42598982 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121017165144/http://www.tufts.edu/~skrimsky/PDF/Funding%20Effect%20and%20Bias.PDF | archive-date = 2012-10-17 | access-date = 2015-09-23 }}</ref> It can be caused by any or all of: a conscious or subconscious [[Reciprocity (social psychology)|sense of obligation]] of researchers towards their employers,<ref>{{cite book | author=Cialdini, Robert B | title=Influence: Science and Practice (5th ed) | publisher=Prentice Hall | date=2008-08-08 | isbn=978-0-205-60999-4 | url=https://archive.org/details/influencescience00cial_1 }}</ref> [[Scientific misconduct|misconduct]] or [[Scientific malpractice|malpractice]],<ref name="washingtonpost">{{cite news |author=David Michaels |title=It's Not the Answers That Are Biased, It's the Questions |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/07/14/AR2008071402145.html |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=2008-07-15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009011219/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/07/14/AR2008071402145.html |archive-date=2017-10-09 }}</ref> [[publication bias]],<ref name="washingtonpost" /><ref>{{cite journal|last=Wilmshurst |first=Peter |title=Dishonesty in Medical Research |journal=The Medico-Legal Journal |year=2007 |volume=75 |issue=Pt 1 |pages=3–12 |doi=10.1258/rsmmlj.75.1.3 |pmid=17506338 |s2cid=26915448 |url=http://www.medico-legalsociety.org.uk/articles/dishonesty_in_medical_research.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521050439/http://www.medico-legalsociety.org.uk/articles/dishonesty_in_medical_research.pdf |archive-date=2013-05-21 }}</ref><ref name="lexchin">{{cite journal |first1=Joel |last1=Lexchin |last2=Bero |first2=Lisa A |first3=Benjamin |last3=Djulbegovic |first4=Otavio |last4=Clark |title=Pharmaceutical industry sponsorship and research outcome and quality: systematic review |journal=BMJ |date=2003-05-31 |volume=326 |pmid=12775614 |issue=7400 |pages=1167–1170 |pmc=156458 |doi=10.1136/bmj.326.7400.1167 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | author=Anders Sandberg | author-link=Anders Sandberg | title=Supping with the Devil | url=http://www.overcomingbias.com/2007/01/supping_with_th.html | publisher=OvercomingBias | date=2007-01-14 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923171357/http://www.overcomingbias.com/2007/01/supping_with_th.html | archive-date=2015-09-23 }}<!-- This is a science blog written by a notable scientist; therefore it can be considered a reliable source --></ref> or [[reporting bias]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Types of Bias |url=http://www.chalmersresearch.com/bmg/types_bias.html |publisher=Cochrane Bias Methods Group |date=2009-06-19 |access-date=2010-08-04 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100723051446/http://www.chalmersresearch.com/bmg/types_bias.html |archive-date=2010-07-23 }}</ref>

====Full text on net bias====
{{Main|FUTON bias}}
Full text on net (or FUTON) bias is a tendency of [[scholarly method|scholars]] to cite [[academic journal]]s with [[open access]]—that is, journals that make their full text available on the [[internet]] without charge—in their own writing as compared with [[Closed-access|toll access publications]]. Scholars can more easily discover and access articles that have their full text on the internet, which increases authors' likelihood of reading, quoting, and citing these articles, this may increase the [[impact factor]] of open access journals relative to journals without open access.<ref name="pmid 15301326">{{cite journal|last1=Murali |first1=N. S. |last2=Murali |first2=H. R. |last3=Auethavekiat |first3=P. |last4=Erwin |first4=P. J. |last5=Mandrekar |first5=J. N. |last6=Manek |first6=N. J. |last7=Ghosh |first7=A. K. |title=Impact of FUTON and NAA bias on visibility of research |journal=Mayo Clinic Proceedings |volume=79 |issue=8 |pages=1001–1006 |year=2004 |pmid=15301326 |url=https://www.mayoclinicproceedings.org/article/S0025-6196(11)62573-1/ |doi=10.4065/79.8.1001 }}</ref><ref name="pmid 12937253">{{cite journal | last1 = Ghosh | first1 = A. K. | last2 = Murali | first2 = N. S. | title = Online access to nephrology journals: The FUTON bias | journal = Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation | volume = 18 | issue = 9 | pages = 1943; author reply 1943 | year = 2003 | pmid = 12937253 | doi = 10.1093/ndt/gfg247 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="cite pmid|16517987">{{cite journal|last1=Mueller |first1=P. S. |last2=Murali |first2=N. S. |last3=Cha |first3=S. S. |last4=Erwin |first4=P. J. |last5=Ghosh |first5=A. K. |title=The effect of online status on the impact factors of general internal medicine journals |journal=The Netherlands Journal of Medicine |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=39–44 |year=2006 |pmid=16517987 |url=http://www.njmonline.nl/njm/getpdf.php?t=a&id=10000037 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719153236/http://www.njmonline.nl/njm/getpdf.php?t=a&id=10000037 |archive-date=2011-07-19 }}</ref><ref name="cite pmid|18974812">{{cite journal | last1 = Krieger | first1 = M. M. | last2 = Richter | first2 = R. R. | last3 = Austin | first3 = T. M. | doi = 10.3163/1536-5050.96.4.010 | title = An exploratory analysis of PubMed's free full-text limit on citation retrieval for clinical questions | journal = Journal of the Medical Library Association | volume = 96 | issue = 4 | pages = 351–355 | year = 2008 | pmid = 18974812 | pmc =2568849}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Gilman, Isaac |title=Opening up the Evidence: Evidence-Based Practice and Open Access |year=2009 |journal=Faculty Scholarship (PUL) |url=http://commons.pacificu.edu/libfac/4 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110221233556/http://commons.pacificu.edu/libfac/4/ |archive-date=2011-02-21 |access-date=2015-09-02 }}</ref><ref name="pmid 12401287" />

The related bias, no abstract available bias (NAA bias) is scholars' tendency to cite journal articles that have an [[abstract (summary)|abstract]] available online more readily than articles that do not.<ref name="pmid 15301326" /><ref name="pmid 12401287">{{cite journal | last1 = Wentz | first1 = R. | title = Visibility of research: FUTON bias | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11264-5 | journal = The Lancet | volume = 360 | issue = 9341 | pages = 1256 | year = 2002 | pmid = 12401287| s2cid = 5084231 }}</ref>

====Publication bias====
{{main|Publication bias}}
Publication bias is a type of bias with regard to what academic [[research]] is likely to be published because of a tendency among researchers and journal editors to prefer some outcomes rather than others (e.g., results showing a [[Statistical significance|significant]] finding), which leads to a problematic bias in the published literature.<ref name="Song2010">{{cite journal | last1 = Song | first1 = F. | last2 = Parekh | first2 = S. | last3 = Hooper | first3 = L. | last4 = Loke | first4 = Y. K. | last5 = Ryder | first5 = J. | last6 = Sutton | first6 = A. J. | last7 = Hing | first7 = C. | last8 = Kwok | first8 = C. S. | last9 = Pang | first9 = C. | last10 = Harvey | first10 = I. | title = Dissemination and publication of research findings: An updated review of related biases | journal = Health Technology Assessment | volume = 14 | issue = 8 | pages = iii, iix–xi, iix–193 | year = 2010 | doi = 10.3310/hta14080 | pmid = 20181324 | doi-access = free }}</ref> This can propagate further as [[literature review]]s of claims about support for a [[hypothesis]] will themselves be biased if the original literature is contaminated by publication bias.<ref name="Rothstein2005">H. Rothstein, A. J. Sutton and M. Borenstein. (2005). ''Publication bias in meta-analysis: prevention, assessment and adjustments''. Wiley. Chichester, England; Hoboken, NJ.</ref> [[Experiment|Studies]] with significant results often do not appear to be superior to studies with a [[null result]] with respect to quality of [[Design of experiments|design]].<ref name=Easterbrook>{{cite journal |last1=Easterbrook |first1=P. J. |last2=Berlin |first2=J. A. |last3=Gopalan |first3=R. |last4=Matthews |first4=D. R. |title=Publication bias in clinical research |journal=[[Lancet (journal)|Lancet]] |year=1991 |volume=337 |issue=8746 |pages=867–872 |doi=10.1016/0140-6736(91)90201-Y |pmid=1672966|s2cid=36570135 |doi-access=free }}</ref> However, statistically significant results have been shown to be three times more likely to be published compared to papers with null results.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dickersin |first1=K. |last2=Chan |first2=S. |last3=Chalmers |first3=T. C. |title=Publication bias and clinical trials |journal=[[Controlled Clinical Trials]] |year=1987 |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=343–353 |doi=10.1016/0197-2456(87)90155-3 |display-authors=etal |pmid=3442991}}</ref>

===Biases in law enforcement===
====Driving while black====
{{main|Driving while black}}
[[Driving]] while black refers to the [[racial profiling]] of [[African American]] drivers. The phrase implies that a motorist might be pulled over by a [[police]] officer, questioned, and searched, because of a [[Racism|racial bias]].<ref name=DWB_matters>{{cite web|last=Harris|first=D.|date=1999|url=http://academic.udayton.edu/race/03justice/dwb01.htm|title=The stories, the statistics, and the law: Why 'Driving While Black' matters|work=84 Minnesota Law Review|pages=265–326|access-date=May 7, 2007|archive-date=May 15, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070515053141/http://academic.udayton.edu/race/03justice/dwb01.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1995/10/23/thirteen-ways-of-looking-at-a-black-man|title=Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Black Man|last=Gates|first=Henry L.|date=1995-10-16|magazine=The New Yorker|access-date=2017-03-14}}</ref>

====Racial profiling====
{{main|Racial profiling}}
Racial profiling, or ethnic profiling, is the act of suspecting or targeting a person of a certain [[Race (human categorization)|race]] on the basis of racially observed characteristics or behavior, rather than on individual suspicion.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Profiling |encyclopedia=Merriam-Webster's Collegiate® Dictionary, Eleventh Edition |date=9 August 2023 |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/profiling }}</ref><ref name="Warren 2009 52–63">{{Cite journal|last1=Warren|first1=Patricia Y.|last2=Farrell|first2=Amy|date=2009|title=The Environmental Context of Racial Profiling|journal=The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science|volume=623|pages=52–63|jstor=40375886|doi=10.1177/0002716208330485|s2cid=146368789}}</ref> Racial profiling is commonly referred to regarding its use by [[law enforcement]], and its leading to discrimination against [[Minority group|minorities]].

====Victim blaming====
{{main|Victim blaming}}
Victim blaming occurs when the victim of a wrongful act is held at fault for the harm that befell them.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Victim Blaming|url = http://crcvc.ca/docs/victim_blaming.pdf|website = Canadian Resource Centre for Victims of Crime|access-date = 2018-08-31|archive-date = 2015-03-25|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150325023438/http://crcvc.ca/docs/victim_blaming.pdf|url-status = live}}</ref> The study of [[victimology]] seeks to mitigate the perception of victims as responsible.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1177/0886260511403752 |pmid=21602202 |title=Is Knowledge Power? The Effects of a Victimology Course on Victim Blaming |year=2011 |last1=Fox |first1=K. A. |last2=Cook |first2=C. L. |journal=[[Journal of Interpersonal Violence]] |volume=26 |issue=17 |pages=3407–3427|s2cid=25378556 }}</ref>

===Biases in media===
{{main|Media bias|Media manipulation}}
{{Anchor|Media bias}}
Media bias is the bias or perceived bias of [[journalist]]s and [[news producer]]s within the [[mass media]] in the selection of events, the stories that are reported, and how they are covered. The term generally implies a pervasive or widespread bias violating [[Journalism ethics and standards|the standards of journalism]], rather than the perspective of an individual journalist or article.<ref>[https://umd.academia.edu/StefanoRivolta/Papers/1052068/Strategic_Maneuvering_and_Media_Bias_in_Political_News_Magazine_Opinion_Articles ''Strategic Maneuvering and Media Bias in Political News Magazine Opinion Articles''], Stefano Mario Rivolta, 7 June 2011</ref> The level of media bias in different nations is debated. There are also [[watchdog journalism|watchdog]] groups that report on media bias.

Practical limitations to media neutrality include the inability of journalists to report all available stories and facts, the requirement that selected facts be linked into a coherent narrative, [[government]] influence including overt and covert [[censorship]],<ref>[http://cpj.org/reports/2006/05/10-most-censored-countries.php "10 Most Censored Countries"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016063824/https://cpj.org/reports/2006/05/10-most-censored-countries.php |date=2015-10-16 }}, Committee to Protect Journalists, 2 May 2006</ref> the influence of the owners of the news source, [[concentration of media ownership]], the selection of staff, the preferences of an intended [[audience]], and pressure from [[advertiser]]s.

Bias has been a feature of the mass media since its birth with the invention of the [[printing press]]. The expense of early printing equipment restricted media production to a limited number of people. Historians have found that publishers often served the interests of powerful social groups.<ref>Ann Heinrichs, ''The Printing Press (Inventions That Shaped the World)'', p. 53, Franklin Watts, 2005, {{ISBN|0-531-16722-4}}, {{ISBN|978-0-531-16722-9}}</ref>

====Agenda setting====
{{main|Agenda-setting theory}}
Agenda setting describes the capacity of the media to focus on particular stories, if a news item is covered frequently and prominently, the audience will regard the issue as more important. That is, its [[Salience (language)#Public opinion|salience]] will increase.<ref>{{cite journal|last=McCombs|first=M|author2=Reynolds, A|title=News influence on our pictures of the world|journal=Media Effects: Advances in Theory and Research|year=2002}}</ref>

====Gatekeeping====
{{main|Gatekeeping (communication)}}
Gatekeeping is the way in which information and news are filtered to the public, by each person or corporation along the way. It is the "process of culling and crafting countless bits of information into the limited number of messages that reach people every day, and it is the center of the media's role in modern public life. [...] This process determines not only which information is selected, but also what the content and nature of the messages, such as news, will be."<ref>{{cite book|last=Shoemaker|first=Pamela J.|title=Gatekeeping Theory|year=2009|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|isbn=978-0415981392|author2=Vos, Tim P.}}</ref>

====Sensationalism====
{{main|Sensationalism}}
Sensationalism is when events and topics in news stories and pieces are overhyped to present skewed impressions of events, which may cause a misrepresentation of the truth of a story.<ref name="fair">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120205021104/http://www.fair.org/index.php?page=7&issue_area_id=49 "Issue Area: Sensationalism."] [[Fairness and Accuracy In Reporting]]. Accessed June 2011.</ref> Sensationalism may involve reporting about insignificant matters and events, or the presentation of [[News#Newsworthiness|newsworthy]] topics in a trivial or [[Tabloid journalism|tabloid]] manner contrary to the standards of [[Journalism#Professional journalism|professional journalism]].<ref name="stephens">{{cite book |last=Stephens |first=Mitchell |author-link= Mitchell Stephens (academic) |title=A History of News |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-19-518991-9 |year=2007}}</ref><ref name="thompson">{{cite book |last=Thompson |first=John |author1-link=John Thompson (sociologist) |editor1-first=Hugh |editor1-last=Mackay |editor2-first=Tim| editor2-last=O'Sullivan |title=The Media Reader: Continuity and Transformation |publisher=Sage Publications Ltd |date=June 22, 1999 |chapter=The Media and Modernity |isbn=978-0-7619-6250-2}}</ref>

===Other contexts===
====Educational bias====
{{main|Bias in education}}
Bias in education refers to real or perceived bias in the educational system. The content of school textbooks is often the issue of debate, as their target audience is young people, and the term "whitewashing" is used to refer to selective removal of critical or damaging evidence or comment.<ref name="7forms">{{cite web | last = Sadker | first = David | title = Seven Forms of Bias in Instructional Materials | website = sadker.org | url = http://www.sadker.org/curricularbias.html | access-date = 3 September 2015 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151021055904/http://www.sadker.org/curricularbias.html | archive-date = 21 October 2015 }}</ref><ref name="Washpost">{{cite news | last = Strauss | first = Valerie | title = Proposed Texas textbooks are inaccurate, biased and politicized, new report finds | newspaper = [[The Washington Post]] | date = 12 September 2014 | url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/answer-sheet/wp/2014/09/12/proposed-texas-textbooks-are-inaccurate-biased-and-politicized-new-report-finds/ | access-date = 3 September 2015 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150908172705/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/answer-sheet/wp/2014/09/12/proposed-texas-textbooks-are-inaccurate-biased-and-politicized-new-report-finds/ | archive-date = 8 September 2015 }}</ref><ref name="whitewashhist">{{cite web | last = Czitrom | first = Daniel | title = Texas school board whitewashes history | publisher = CNN | date = 22 March 2010 | url = http://edition.cnn.com/2010/OPINION/03/18/czitrom.texas.textbooks/ | access-date = 3 September 2015 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150328170047/http://edition.cnn.com/2010/OPINION/03/18/czitrom.texas.textbooks/ | archive-date = 28 March 2015 }}</ref> Religious bias in textbooks is observed in countries where religion plays a dominant role. There can be many forms of educational bias. Some overlooked aspects, occurring especially with the pedagogical circles of public and private schools—sources that are unrelated to fiduciary or mercantile impoverishment which may be unduly magnified—include teacher bias as well as a general bias against women who are going into STEM research.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.americanmentalhealthfundation.org/|title=How to Get Your Ex Boyfriend Back – Tips to Win Back His Love and Get Him Back|website=www.americanmentalhealthfundation.org|language=en-US|access-date=2017-09-08|archive-date=2018-06-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180628065741/https://www.americanmentalhealthfundation.org/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>"Crisis Counseling with Children," Van Ornum and Murdock, 1990, NY: Crossroad/Continuum.</ref>

====Inductive bias====
{{main|Inductive bias}}
Inductive bias occurs within the field of [[machine learning]]. In machine learning one seeks to develop [[algorithm]]s that are able to ''learn'' to anticipate a particular output. To accomplish this, the learning algorithm is given training cases that show the expected connection. Then the learner is tested with new examples. Without further assumptions, this problem cannot be solved exactly as unknown situations may not be predictable.<ref name=Mitchell1980 /><ref name=DesJardinsandGordon1995>{{cite journal | last1 = DesJardins | first1 = M. | last2 = Gordon | first2 = D. F. | title = Evaluation and selection of biases in machine learning | journal = Machine Learning Journal | volume = 5 | pages = 1–17 | year = 1995 | url = http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/article/desjardins95evaluation.html | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090116042751/http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/article/desjardins95evaluation.html | archive-date = 2009-01-16 }}</ref> The inductive bias of the learning algorithm is the set of assumptions that the learner uses to predict outputs given inputs that it has not encountered.<ref name=Mitchell1980>{{cite report | last = Mitchell | first = T. M. | title = The need for biases in learning generalizations | place = New Brunswick, New Jersey, US | publisher = Rutgers University | series = CBM-TR 5-110 | year = 1980 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.19.5466 }}</ref> It may bias the learner towards the correct solution, the incorrect, or be correct some of the time. A classical example of an inductive bias is [[Occam's Razor]], which assumes that the simplest consistent hypothesis is the best.

====Insider trading====
{{Main|Insider trading}}
Insider trading is the trading of a [[public company]]'s [[stock]] or other [[security (finance)|securities]] (such as [[bond (finance)|bonds]] or [[Option (finance)|stock options]]) by individuals with access to [[market moving information|non-public information]] about the company. In [[Insider trading#Legal differences among jurisdictions|various countries]], trading based on insider information is illegal because it is seen as unfair to other investors who do not have access to the information as the investor with insider information could potentially make far larger profits that a typical investor could make.

====Match fixing====
{{Main|Match fixing|Spot-fixing}}
In organized [[sports]], match fixing occurs when a match is played to a completely or partially pre-determined result, violating the rules of the game and often the law.<ref>{{cite dictionary | title = match-fixing | publisher = [[Oxford University Press|Oxford]] dictionaries | url = http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/match-fixing | access-date = September 23, 2015 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150831115837/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/match-fixing | archive-date = August 31, 2015 }}</ref> There is a variety of reasons for this, but the most common is in exchange for a payoff from gamblers. Players might also intentionally perform poorly to get an advantage in the future (such as a better [[draft pick]], or an easier opponent in a [[Playoffs|playoff]]), or to rig a [[handicap (sports)|handicap]] system. Match-fixing generally refers to fixing the final result of the game. Another form of match-fixing, known as [[spot-fixing]], involves fixing small events within a match which can be gambled upon, but which are unlikely to prove decisive in determining the final result of the game.

===Implicit bias===
{{main|implicit stereotype}}An '''implicit bias''', or '''implicit stereotype''', is the unconscious attribution of particular qualities to a member of a certain social group.<ref name="GandB95">{{cite journal | last1 = Greenwald | first1 = A. G. | last2 = Banaji | first2 = M. R. | year = 1995 | title = Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes | journal = Psychological Review | volume = 102 | issue = 1| pages = 4–27 | doi=10.1037/0033-295x.102.1.4| pmid = 7878162 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.411.2919 | s2cid = 8194189 }}</ref>

Implicit stereotypes are shaped by experience and based on learned associations between particular qualities and social categories, including race and/or gender. Individuals' perceptions and behaviors can be influenced by the implicit stereotypes they hold, even if they are unaware/unintentionally hold such stereotypes. Implicit bias is an aspect of implicit [[social cognition]]: the phenomenon that perceptions, attitudes, and stereotypes operate without conscious intention. For example, researchers may have implicit bias when designing survey questions and as a result, the questions do not produce accurate results or fail to encourage survey participation.<ref name=":2" /> The existence of implicit bias is supported by a variety of scientific articles in psychological literature. Implicit stereotype was first defined by psychologists [[Mahzarin Banaji]] and [[Anthony Greenwald]] in 1995.