Editing Wild boar (section)

=== Management ===
Managing wild boar is a pressing task in both native and invasive contexts as they can be disruptive to other systems when not addressed. Wild boar find their success through adaptation of daily patterns to circumvent threats. They avoid human contact through nocturnal lifestyles, despite the fact that they are not evolutionarily predisposed, and alter their diets substantially based on what is available.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal|last1=Johann|first1=Franz|last2=Handschuh|first2=Markus|last3=Linderoth|first3=Peter|last4=Dormann|first4=Carsten F.|last5=Arnold|first5=Janosch|date=2020-01-09|title=Adaptation of wild boar (Sus scrofa) activity in a human-dominated landscape|journal=BMC Ecology|volume=20|issue=1|pages=4|doi=10.1186/s12898-019-0271-7|issn=1472-6785|pmc=6953143|pmid=31918698|bibcode=2020BMCE...20....4J |doi-access=free }}</ref> These "adaptive generalists", can survive in a variety of landscapes, making the prediction of their movement patterns and any potential close contact areas crucial to limiting damage.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last1=Clontz|first1=Lindsay M.|last2=Pepin|first2=Kim M.|last3=VerCauteren|first3=Kurt C.|last4=Beasley|first4=James C.|date=2021-03-25|title=Behavioral state resource selection in invasive wild pigs in the Southeastern United States|journal=Scientific Reports|language=en|volume=11|issue=1|pages=6924|doi=10.1038/s41598-021-86363-3|pmid=33767284 |pmc=7994638 |bibcode=2021NatSR..11.6924C |issn=2045-2322}}</ref> All of these qualities make them equally difficult to manage or limit.

Within Central Europe, the native habitat of the wild boar, there has been a push to re-evaluate interactions between wild boar and humans, with the priority of fostering positive engagement. Negative media and public perception of wild boar as "crop raiders" have made those living alongside them less willing to accept the economic damages of their behaviors, as wild boar are seen as pests. This media tone impacts management policy, with every 10 negative articles increasing wild boar policy activity by 6.7%.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Miller|first1=Ryan S.|last2=Opp|first2=Susan M.|last3=Webb|first3=Colleen T.|date=2018|title=Determinants of invasive species policy: Print media and agriculture determine U.S. invasive wild pig policy|journal=Ecosphere|language=en|volume=9|issue=8|pages=e02379|doi=10.1002/ecs2.2379|bibcode=2018Ecosp...9E2379M |s2cid=196685896 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Contrary to this portrayal, wild boar, when managed well within their natural environments, can be a crucial part of forest ecosystems.
[[File:Feral Hog hunting.jpg|thumb|Recreational wild boar hunting]]
Defining the limits of proper management is difficult, but the exclusion of wild boar from rare environments is generally agreed upon, as when not properly managed, they can damage agricultural ventures and harm vulnerable plant life.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Gray|first1=Steven M.|last2=Roloff|first2=Gary J.|last3=Kramer|first3=Daniel B.|last4=Etter|first4=Dwayne R.|last5=Vercauteren|first5=Kurt C.|last6=Montgomery|first6=Robert A.|date=2020|title=Effects of Wild Pig Disturbance on Forest Vegetation and Soils|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jwmg.21845|journal=The Journal of Wildlife Management|language=en|volume=84|issue=4|pages=739–748|doi=10.1002/jwmg.21845|bibcode=2020JWMan..84..739G |s2cid=214349584 |issn=1937-2817}}</ref> These damages are estimated at $800 million yearly in environmental and financial costs for the United States alone.<ref name=":1" /> The breadth of this damage is due to prior inattention and lack of management tactics for extended lengths of time.<ref name=":3" /> Managing wild boar is a complex task, as it involves coordinating a combination of crop harvest techniques, fencing, toxic bait, corrals, and hunting. The most common tactic employed by private land owners in the United States is recreational hunting; however, this is generally not as effective on its own.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last1=Beasley|first1=James C.|last2=Ditchkoff|first2=Stephen S.|last3=Mayer|first3=John J.|last4=Smith|first4=Mark D.|last5=Vercauteren|first5=Kurt C.|date=2018|title=Research priorities for managing invasive wild pigs in North America|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jwmg.21436|journal=The Journal of Wildlife Management|language=en|volume=82|issue=4|pages=674–681|doi=10.1002/jwmg.21436|bibcode=2018JWMan..82..674B |issn=1937-2817}}</ref> Management strategies are most successful when they take into account reproduction, dispersion, and the differences between ideal resources for males and females.<ref name=":2" />

Wild boars are causing soil disturbance that, among other problems, globally results in annual carbon dioxide emissions equivalent to that of ~1.1 million passenger vehicles (4.9 Mt, 0.01% of all GHG emissions as of 2022), implying that as of 2021, hunted boar meat – unlike other meat products – has beneficial effects on the environment<ref>{{cite news |title=The climate impact of wild pigs greater than a million cars |url=https://phys.org/news/2021-07-climate-impact-wild-pigs-greater.html |access-date=14 August 2021 |work=phys.org |language=en |archive-date=3 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803195708/https://phys.org/news/2021-07-climate-impact-wild-pigs-greater.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=O’Bryan |first1=Christopher J. |last2=Patton |first2=Nicholas R. |last3=Hone |first3=Jim |last4=Lewis |first4=Jesse S. |last5=Berdejo-Espinola |first5=Violeta |last6=Risch |first6=Derek R. |last7=Holden |first7=Matthew H. |last8=McDonald-Madden |first8=Eve |title=Unrecognized threat to global soil carbon by a widespread invasive species |journal=Global Change Biology |year=2021 |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=877–882 |doi=10.1111/gcb.15769 |pmid=34288288 |s2cid=236157683 |language=en |issn=1365-2486}}</ref> even though the effect would diminish if boars are introduced for meat production, so consistently retaining small populations of boars may be preferable.